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      Fisiología de músculos faríngeos posterior a la restauración quirúrgica del esfínter velofaríngeo Translated title: Physiology of pharyngeal muscles after surgical restoration of the velopharyngeal sphincter

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          Abstract

          Introducción: La restauración del esfínter velofaríngeo para su función durante el habla se lleva a cabo mediante colgajo faríngeo o faringoplastía de esfínter. Objetivo: Evaluar la fisiología de músculos faríngeos posterior a colgajo faríngeo o faringoplastía de esfínter, mediante electromiografía y videonasofaringoscopía simultáneas. Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes. Veinte pacientes fueron operados con un colgajo faríngeo de pedículo superior y veinte pacientes fueron operados con faringoplastía de esfínter. Se estudiaron los músculos constrictor superior de la faringe, elevador del velo del paladar y palatofaríngeo. Resultados: Ninguno de los pacientes mostró actividad electromiográfica en los colgajos laterales de las faringoplastías. Ninguno de los pacientes mostró actividad electromiográfica en el colgajo faríngeo. Todos los pacientes mostraron actividad electromiográfica enérgica en el constrictor superior de la faringe y el elevador del velo del paladar. Conclusiones: Los colgajos faríngeos laterales en casos de faringoplastía de esfínter y el colgajo faríngeo central en casos de colgajo faríngeo de pedículo superior, no crean nuevos esfínteres para el cierre velofaríngeo. La participación de estas estructuras es pasiva, incrementando el volumen de tejido en áreas específicas, mientras que sus movimientos son ocasionados por la contracción del constrictor superior de la faringe y el elevador del velo del paladar.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Speech velopharyngeal sphincter restoration is generally performed by pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty. Objective: Evaluate pharyngeal muscle physiology after pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty using simultaneous electromyography and videonasopharyngoscopy. Material and Methods: Forty patients were studied. Twenty patients were operated on with an upper base pharyngeal flap. Twenty patients were operated on with sphincter pharyngoplasty. The following muscles were studied: superior constrictor pharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and levator veli palatini. Results: None of the patients studied showed electromyographic activity in the lateral flaps of tile pharyngoplasties. None showed electromyographic activity of the upper base pharyngeal flaps. AII patients demonstrated strong electromyographic activity on the superior constrictor pharyngeus and the levator veli palatini. Conclusions: Lateral pharyngeal flaps in cases of sphincter pharyngoplasties and the central pharyngeal flap in cases of pharyngeal flaps, do not create new sphincters for velopharyngeal closure. The participation of these structures is passive, increasing tissue volume in specific areas, whereas their movements are caused by the contraction of the superior constrictor pharyngeus and the levator veli palatini.

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          Most cited references36

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          Standardization for the reporting of nasopharyngoscopy and multiview videofluoroscopy: a report from an International Working Group.

          A multidisciplinary International Working Group of scientists was assembled to address the question of standardizing reporting techniques for multiview videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy, the generally accepted standards for direct observation of the velopharyngeal valve. This report is a first attempt to propose standards while seeking feedback from the readership in order to further develop a common methodology.
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            Quantitative analysis of individual motor unit potentials: a proposition for standardized terminology and criteria for measurement.

            The physiology of the motor unit potential (MUP) is reviewed. The aim is to identify the electrophysiological events in the motor unit that generate the individual parts of the MUP. This is based on insight gained from new experimental techniques, such as single-fiber electromyography (EMG), scanning EMG, and simulation studies of the MUP. A terminology for the different parts of the MUP is also suggested, and nine parameters used to describe different features of the MUP are delineated: duration, spike duration, amplitude, area, spike area, phases, turns, satellites, and variability. Technical aspects, such as electrode type, filtering, and sampling rate of the computers, are discussed as well. In Appendix A, different manual and computer-aided methods for quantitative MUP analysis are described. Despite minor systematic differences between the methods, MUP durations measured by different methods correlate highly with each other (Appendix B). The manual and computer-aided methods have comparable variability between repeated measurements.
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              Anatomic basis of cleft palate and velopharyngeal surgery: implications from a fresh cadaveric study.

              The purpose of this investigation was to apply the findings of an anatomic study of the levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and superior constrictor muscles in 18 fresh cadaveric specimens of normal adults to analyze current controversies in velopharyngeal function and cleft palate surgery. The levator veli palatini was observed to form a muscular sling, suspending the velum from the cranial base. Its fibers occupied the middle 50 percent of the velum, lying in transverse orientation and without significant overlap across the midline. It is well placed to function as the prime mover in the velar component of velopharyngeal closure. The velar component of the palatopharyngeus consisted of two heads clasping the levator and inserting into the latter just short of the midline. Its pharyngeal component inserted into the superior constrictor in the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls. Together, these two muscles formed a sphincter around the velopharyngeal port, suggesting that both muscles are involved in the pharyngeal component of velopharyngeal closure. Based on the premise that the goal of palatoplasty is to restore normal anatomy, the intravelar veloplasty has a sound basis, and theoretically improves both velar and pharyngeal wall function because it corrects the dysmorphology of both the levator and palatopharyngeus. Although the Furlow palatoplasty also reorients these velar muscles correctly in the transverse position, the resulting overlap of the levator and palatopharyngeus across the midline is morphologically abnormal. In addition, the use of large Z-plasty flaps in wide clefts may cause excessive lateral tension, increasing the risk of fistula formation and causing an impairment of velar stretch capacity. The raising of a vertical pharyngeal flap divides the fibers of the superior constrictor and has the potential to impair pharyngeal wall function. The sphincter pharyngoplasty interferes less with pharyngeal wall anatomy. The potential for an obstructive outcome seems to be related to the use of wide, long flaps and a tight, overlapping type of flap inset. In addition, the level of flap inset is important: an inset at the level of the uvula has the greatest risk of causing obstruction, whereas a higher inset at the level of attempted velopharyngeal closure seems to provide the best opportunity for achieving velopharyngeal competence while avoiding hyponasality and obstruction.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gmm
                Gaceta médica de México
                Gac. Méd. Méx
                Academia Nacional de Medicina de México, A.C. (México )
                0016-3813
                June 2005
                : 141
                : 3
                : 195-199
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González Mexico
                Article
                S0016-38132005000300005
                de62903b-7e6b-4bfc-9c8d-c8500cd6cf05

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Medicine, General & Internal

                Internal medicine
                Electromyography,pharynx,cleft palate,physiology,Electromiografía,faringe,fisura de paladar,fisiología

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