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      Bipolar disorder-methodological problems and future perspectives Translated title: Trastorno bipolar: problemas metodólgicos y perspectivas futuras Translated title: Troubles bipolaires: problèmes méthodologiques et perspectives d'avenir

      research-article
      , MD *
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      bipolar spectrum, hypomania, diagnosis, comorbidity, dementia

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          Abstract

          Since its “rebirth” in 1966, bipolar disorder (BPD) has rapidly come to occupy a central position in the research and treatment of mood disorders. Compared with major depressive disorder (MDD), BPD is a more serious condition, characterized by much more frequent recurrence, more complex comorbidity, and higher mortality. One major problem is the lack of valid definitions in adult and in child psychiatry; the current definitions are unsatisfactory, and heavily favor an overdiagnosis of MDD. Biological research is partially based on those definitions, which have a short half-life. An additional, dimensional, approach, quantifying hypomania, depression, and anxiety by self-assessment and symptom checklists is recommended, A further, related problem is the early recognition of the onset of BPD, especially in adolescence, and the identification of correlates in childhood. Early and timely diagnosis of BPD is necessary to enable prompt intervention and secondary prevention of the disorder. The paper describes the current status and future directions of developing clinical concepts of bipolarity

          Translated abstract

          Desde que el trastorno bipolar (TB) fue rebautizado en 1966, éste ha llegado rápidamente a ocupar una posicíón central en la investigación y el tratamiento de los trastornos del ánimo. En comparación con el trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) el TB es una condición más grave, caracterizada por recurrencias mucho más frecuentes, comorbilidad más compleja y mayor mortalidad. Un problema importante es la falta de definiciones validadas tanto en psiquiatría del adulto como de niños; las definiciones actuales son insatisfactorias y tienden fuertemente al sobre diagnóstico del TDM, La investigación biológica está basada parcialmente en estas definiciones, las cuales tienen una corta vida media. Se recomienda una aproximación dimensional adicional que cuantifique la hipomanía, la depresión y la ansiedad mediante autoevaluaciones y listas de chequeo de síntomas, Otro problema relacionado es el reconocimiento precoz de la aparición del TB, especialmente en el adolescente y la identificación de correlatos en la niñez. Se requiere de un diagnóstico precoz y oportuno del TB que permita una rápida intervención y una prevención secundaria del trastorno, El artículo describe el estado actual y las direcciones futuras sobre el desarrollo de conceptos clínicos de la bipolaridad.

          Translated abstract

          Depuis sa « renaissance » en 1966, la place du trouble bipolaire (TBP) est rapidement devenue centrale dans la recherche et le traitement des troubles de l'humeur. Le TBP est plus sévère que la dépression majeure (EDM), car caractérisé par de plus forts taux de récidive, une comorbidité plus complexe et des taux de mortalité plus élevés. L'absence de définition validée du trouble en psychiatrie de l'adulte et de l'enfant est un problème important ; les définitions actuelles ne sont pas satisfaisantes et orientent lourdement vers un excès de diagnostic d'EDM, La recherche biologique repose partiellement sur ces définitions dont la durée de vie est courte. Une autre approche, dimensionnelle, permettant de quantifier par I' auto-évaluation et la vérification des symptômes l'hypomanie, la dépression et l'anxiété est recommandée. Un autre problème est la reconnaissance précoce du début du TBP, surtout dans l'adolescence, et l'identification de ses corrélats dans l'enfance. Un diagnostic précoce et fait à temps est nécessaire pour permettre de traiter rapidement et de mettre en place la prévention secondaire du trouble. Cet article décrit l'état actuel et les orientations futures du développement des concepts cliniques de bipolarité.

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          Most cited references114

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          The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).

          This paper presents an overview of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based. The WMH-CIDI includes a screening module and 40 sections that focus on diagnoses (22 sections), functioning (four sections), treatment (two sections), risk factors (four sections), socio-demographic correlates (seven sections), and methodological factors (two sections). Innovations compared to earlier versions of the CIDI include expansion of the diagnostic sections, a focus on 12-month as well as lifetime disorders in the same interview, detailed assessment of clinical severity, and inclusion of information on treatment, risk factors, and consequences. A computer-assisted version of the interview is available along with a direct data entry software system that can be used to keypunch responses to the paper-and-pencil version of the interview. Computer programs that generate diagnoses are also available based on both ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Elaborate CD-ROM-based training materials are available to teach interviewers how to administer the interview as well as to teach supervisors how to monitor the quality of data collection.
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            TEMPS-A: progress towards validation of a self-rated clinical version of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire.

            Our aim was to validate the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in a clinical population. The study was conducted in two Memphis mood clinics involving 398 affectively ill patients with young to middle index age (42 years+/-13 S.D.), who were 95% white, 62% female, and 51% bipolar spectrum. A subset of 157 of the entire sample were retested in 6-12 months, and the entire sample was then subjected to factor analysis (PCA extraction method with varimax rotation). We obtained high test-retest reliability ranging from 0.58 for the irritable, to 0.68, 0.69 and 0.70, respectively, for the cyclothymic, dysthymic and hyperthymic. The hypothesized four-factor structure of the TEMPS-A was upheld, with the cyclothymic explaining 14% of the variance, followed by the irritable, hyperthymic, and dysthymic together accounting for another 14%. Internal consistency was excellent, with Chronbach alphas ranging from 0.76 for the dysthymic to 0.88 for the cyclothymic. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 2 super factors, Factor I loading on cyclothymic, irritable, and dysthymic temperaments, and Factor II loading heavily on the hyperthymic. The 50-item TEMPS-A-Clinical Version was constructed by using a cutoff of alpha > or =0.4 for traits loading exclusively on their original temperaments. We also proposed a longer 69-item version for future study, in which we permitted a greater number of traits based on clinical considerations (alpha cutoff 0.30). The sample was preponderantly white, and may not generalize to other U.S. ethnic groups. This earlier version of TEMPS-A did not include the anxious temperament. We psychometrically validated the TEMPS-A in affectively ill outpatients, leading to an instrument suitable for use in psychiatric, especially affectively ill, populations. It is noteworthy that in this clinically ill population we succeeded in measuring traits which could make subjects vulnerable to affective episodes, as well as those of adaptive nature. For instance, the dysthymic emerged as bound to routine, self-blaming, shy-nonassertive, sensitive to criticism, yet self-denying, dependable, and preferring to work for someone else rather than be the boss. The hyperthymic had the highest number of "positive" traits: upbeat, fun-loving, outgoing, jocular, optimistic, confident, full of ideas, eloquent, on the go, short-sleeper, tireless, who likes to be the boss, but single-minded, risk-taker, and unlikely to admit to his/her meddlesome nature. The cyclothymic emerged as labile with rapid shifts in mood; unstable in energy, self-esteem and socialization; unevenly gifted and dilettante; yet keen in perception, intense in emotions, and romantic. The irritable emerged as skeptical and critical (which might be considered intellectual virtues), but otherwise having the "darkest" nature of all temperaments: grouchy, complaining, dissatisfied; anger- and violence-prone, and sexually jealous. The foregoing temperament attributes, observed in a moderately severe group of patients with affective disorders, nonetheless testify to the evolutionary context of these disorders-"submissive" behavior, territoriality, romantic charm, and last, but not least, sexually jealous with its associated specter of violence. We hypothesize that the putative social and limbic mechanisms underlying mood disorders appear to have archaic origins on an evolutionary scale. We finally submit that the traits underlying affective disorders are very much part of human nature.
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              Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden.

              Selected groups of patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder have an increased mortality rate from suicide and natural causes of death. However, there has been no population-based study of mortality of patients followed up from the onset of the illness. All patients with a hospital diagnosis of bipolar (n = 15 386) or unipolar (n = 39 182) disorder in Sweden from 1973 to 1995 were identified from the inpatient register and linked with the national cause-of-death register to determine the date and cause of death. Overall and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and numbers of excess deaths were calculated by 5-year age classes and 5-year calendar periods. The SMRs for suicide were 15.0 for males and 22.4 for females with bipolar disorder, and 20.9 and 27.0, respectively, for unipolar disorder. For all natural causes of death, SMRs were 1.9 for males and 2.1 for females with bipolar disorder, and 1.5 and 1.6, respectively, for unipolar disorder. For bipolar disorder, most excess deaths were from natural causes, whereas for unipolar disorder, most excess deaths were from unnatural causes. The SMR for suicide was especially high for younger patients during the first years after the first diagnosis. Increasing SMR for suicide during the period of study was found for female patients with unipolar disorder. This population-based study of patients treated in the hospital documented increased SMRs for suicide in patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder. The SMR for all natural causes of death was also increased, causing about half the excess deaths.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Research Department, Zurich, Switzerland
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2008
                : 10
                : 2
                : 129-139
                Affiliations
                Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Research Department, Zurich, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Article
                3181871
                18689284
                ddf1c9f4-192d-4e84-8a7d-3d13d5a08601
                Copyright: © 2008 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Neurosciences
                diagnosis,hypomania,dementia,bipolar spectrum,comorbidity
                Neurosciences
                diagnosis, hypomania, dementia, bipolar spectrum, comorbidity

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