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      Spatio-temporal cluster and distribution of human brucellosis in Shanxi Province of China between 2011 and 2016

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          Abstract

          In recent years, the incidence of human brucellosis (HB) in the Shanxi province has ranked to be the top five among the 31 China provinces. HB data in Shanxi province between 2011 and 2016 were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Spatial and temporal distribution of HB was evaluated using spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. The global Moran’s I index ranged from 0.37 to 0.50 between 2011 and 2016 (all P <  0. 05), and the “high-high” clusters of HB were located at the northern Shanxi, while the “low-low” clusters in the central and southeastern Shanxi. The high-incidence time interval was between March and July with a 2-fold higher risk of HB compared to the other months in the same year. One most likely cluster and three secondary clusters were identified. The radius of the most likely cluster region was 158.03 km containing 10,051 HB cases. Compared to the remaining regions, people dwelling in the most likely region were reported 4.50-fold ascended risk of incident HB. HB cases during the high-risk time interval of each year were more likely to be younger, to be males or to be farmers or herdsman than that during the low-risk time interval. The HB incidence had a significantly high correlation with the number of the cattle or sheep especially in the northern Shanxi. HB in Shanxi showed unique spatio-temporal clustering. Public health concern for HB in Shanxi should give priority to the northern region especially between the late spring and early summer.

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          GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis

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            Human brucellosis.

            Human brucellosis still presents scientists and clinicians with several challenges, such as the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of Brucella spp, the identification of markers for disease severity, progression, and treatment response, and the development of improved treatment regimens. Molecular studies have shed new light on the pathogenesis of Brucella spp, and new technologies have permitted the development of diagnostic tools that will be useful in developing countries, where brucellosis is still a very common but often neglected disease. However, further studies are needed to establish optimum treatment regimens and local and international control programmes. This Review summarises current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms, new diagnostic advances, therapeutic options, and the situation of developing countries in regard to human brucellosis.
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              Evaluating cluster alarms: a space-time scan statistic and brain cancer in Los Alamos, New Mexico.

              This article presents a space-time scan statistic, useful for evaluating space-time cluster alarms, and illustrates the method on a recent brain cancer cluster alarms in Los Alamos, NM. The space-time scan statistic accounts for the preselection bias and multiple testing inherent in a cluster alarm. Confounders and time trends can be adjusted for. The observed excess of brain cancer in Los Alamos was not statistically significant. The space-time scan statistic is useful as a screening tool for evaluating which cluster alarms merit further investigation and which clusters are probably chance occurrences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                sxchenlimin@163.com
                qlx_1126@163.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                19 November 2018
                19 November 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 16977
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012 China
                [2 ]China Railway Taiyuan Group Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Disease Control Division, Taiyuan, 030000 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.263452.4, Shanxi Medical University, School of Public Health, ; Taiyuan, 030001 China
                [4 ]Qinghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, 810007 China
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8803 2373, GRID grid.198530.6, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ; Beijing, 102206 China
                Article
                34975
                10.1038/s41598-018-34975-7
                6242928
                30451894
                ddd1d58f-9129-4971-aaaa-d7f782d0f3ef
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 30 April 2018
                : 29 October 2018
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