Antiviral Natural Products and Herbal Medicines

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Abstract

Viral infections play an important role in human diseases, and recent outbreaks in the advent of globalization and ease of travel have underscored their prevention as a critical issue in safeguarding public health. Despite the progress made in immunization and drug development, many viruses lack preventive vaccines and efficient antiviral therapies, which are often beset by the generation of viral escape mutants. Thus, identifying novel antiviral drugs is of critical importance and natural products are an excellent source for such discoveries. In this mini-review, we summarize the antiviral effects reported for several natural products and herbal medicines.

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Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus

Shi-you Li, Cong Chen, Hai-qing ZHANG … (2005)

More than 200 Chinese medicinal herb extracts were screened for antiviral activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay for virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Four of these extracts showed moderate to potent antiviral activities against SARS-CoV with 50% effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 2.4 ± 0.2 to 88.2 ± 7.7 μg/ml. Out of the four, Lycoris radiata was most potent. To identify the active component, L. radiata extract was subjected to further fractionation, purification, and CPE/MTS assays. This process led to the identification of a single substance lycorine as an anti-SARS-CoV component with an EC50 value of 15.7 ± 1.2 nM. This compound has a CC50 value of 14980.0 ± 912.0 nM in cytotoxicity assay and a selective index (SI) greater than 900. The results suggested that four herbal extracts and the compound lycorine are candidates for the development of new anti-SARS-CoV drugs in the treatment of SARS.

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Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13.

Nele Sigurs, Per M Gustafsson, Ragnar Bjarnason … (2005)

We have prospectively studied wheezing disorder and allergy in 47 children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy and 93 matched control subjects. Subjects with at least three episodes of wheezing were defined as recurrent wheezers and as having asthma if the episodes were doctor verified. Here we report the outcome at age 13 years in 46/47 children with RSV and 92/93 control subjects. Wheezing disorder and clinical allergy were estimated using a questionnaire. Skin prick tests were performed and serum IgE antibodies measured. Spirometry was undertaken at rest, after dry air challenge, and after beta2-agonist inhalation. The occurrence of symptoms over the previous 12 months was significantly higher in the RSV group than among the control subjects, 43% versus 8% for asthma/recurrent wheezing and 39% versus 15% for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Sensitization to common inhaled allergens was more frequent in the RSV group than in the control subjects, judged by skin prick tests (50% versus 28%; p = 0.022), or by serum IgE antibodies (45% versus 26%; p = 0.038). Compared with the control subjects, the RSV group showed mild airway obstruction both at rest and after bronchodilation, and had slightly more reactive airways. RSV bronchiolitis in infancy severe enough to cause hospitalization is a risk factor for allergic asthma in early adolescence.

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Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds

Cheng-Wen Lin, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Chang-Hai Tsai … (2005)

The 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-coronavirus mediates the proteolytic processing of replicase polypeptides 1a and 1ab into functional proteins, becoming an important target for the drug development. In this study, Isatis indigotica root extract, five major compounds of I. indigotica root, and seven plant-derived phenolic compounds were tested for anti-SARS-CoV 3CLpro effects using cell-free and cell-based cleavage assays. Cleavage assays with the 3CLpro demonstrated that IC50 values were in micromolar ranges for I. indigotica root extract, indigo, sinigrin, aloe emodin and hesperetin. Sinigrin (IC50: 217 μM) was more efficient in blocking the cleavage processing of the 3CLpro than indigo (IC50: 752 μM) and beta-sitosterol (IC50: 1210 μM) in the cell-based assay. Only two phenolic compounds aloe emodin and hesperetin dose-dependently inhibited cleavage activity of the 3CLpro, in which the IC50 was 366 μM for aloe emodin and 8.3 μM for hesperetin in the cell-based assay.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Tradit Complement Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Tradit Complement Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): JTCM

Title: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )

ISSN (Electronic): 2225-4110

Publication date (Print): Jan-Mar 2014

Volume: 4

Issue: 1

Pages: 24-35

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.

[2 ]School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Author notes

Correspondence to: Dr. Chun-Ching Lin, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1 ^st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. Tel: +886-7-312-1101 ext. 2122; Fax: +886-7-313-5215; E-mail: aalin@ 123456kmu.edu.tw or Dr. Liang-Tzung Lin, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. Tel: +886-2-2736-1661; ext. 3911; Fax: +886-2-2736-1661 ext. 3921; E-mail: ltlin@ 123456tmu.edu.tw

Article

Publisher ID: JTCM-4-24

DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.124335

PMC ID: 4032839

PubMed ID: 24872930

SO-VID: dcfb3fba-4726-40ab-b873-1a5b9fb6b744

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Antiviral Natural Products and Herbal Medicines

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Algerian Journal of Natural Products

Most cited references 127

Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus

Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13.

Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds

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