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      Role of chemotherapeutic drugs in immunomodulation of cancer

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          Abstract

          The immune system has a variety of potential effects on a tumor microenvironment and the course of chemotherapy may vary according to that. Anticancer treatments can encourage the release of unwanted signals from senescent tumor cells or the removal of immune-suppressive cells, which can lead to immune system activation. Hence, by inducing an immunological response and conversely making cancer cells more vulnerable to immune attack, chemotherapeutic agents can destroy cancer cells. Furthermore, chemotherapy can activate anticancer immune effectors directly or indirectly by thwarting immunosuppressive pathways. Therefore, in this review, we discuss how chemotherapeutic agents take part in immunomodulation and the molecular mechanisms underlying them. We also focus on the importance of carefully addressing the conflicting effects of chemotherapy on immune responses when developing successful combination treatments based on chemotherapy and immune modulators.

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          Highlights

          • •

            Role of chemotherapeutic agents in immunomodulation of cancer.

          • •

            Molecular mechanisms involved in chemotherapeutic agents mediated immunomodulation.

          • •

            Importance of combination therapy utilizing chemotherapy with immune modulators.

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          Cancer statistics, 2018

          Kimberly D Miller, Rebecca Siegel, Ahmedin Jemal (2018)
          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2014, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2015, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2018, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2005-2014) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% annually in men, while the cancer death rate (2006-2015) declined by about 1.5% annually in both men and women. The combined cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2015 by a total of 26%, translating to approximately 2,378,600 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Of the 10 leading causes of death, only cancer declined from 2014 to 2015. In 2015, the cancer death rate was 14% higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) overall (death rate ratio [DRR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.13-1.15), but the racial disparity was much larger for individuals aged <65 years (DRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.29-1.32) compared with those aged ≥65 years (DRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.09) and varied substantially by state. For example, the cancer death rate was lower in NHBs than NHWs in Massachusetts for all ages and in New York for individuals aged ≥65 years, whereas for those aged <65 years, it was 3 times higher in NHBs in the District of Columbia (DRR, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.16-3.91) and about 50% higher in Wisconsin (DRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.56-2.02), Kansas (DRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25-1.81), Louisiana (DRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.38-1.60), Illinois (DRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.39-1.57), and California (DRR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.38-1.54). Larger racial inequalities in young and middle-aged adults probably partly reflect less access to high-quality health care. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:7-30. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action.

            Shaloam R Dasari, Paul Bernard Tchounwou (2014)
            Cisplatin, cisplatinum, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), is a well-known chemotherapeutic drug. It has been used for treatment of numerous human cancers including bladder, head and neck, lung, ovarian, and testicular cancers. It is effective against various types of cancers, including carcinomas, germ cell tumors, lymphomas, and sarcomas. Its mode of action has been linked to its ability to crosslink with the purine bases on the DNA; interfering with DNA repair mechanisms, causing DNA damage, and subsequently inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. However, because of drug resistance and numerous undesirable side effects such as severe kidney problems, allergic reactions, decrease immunity to infections, gastrointestinal disorders, hemorrhage, and hearing loss especially in younger patients, other platinum-containing anti-cancer drugs such as carboplatin, oxaliplatin and others, have also been used. Furthermore, combination therapies of cisplatin with other drugs have been highly considered to overcome drug-resistance and reduce toxicity. This comprehensive review highlights the physicochemical properties of cisplatin and related platinum-based drugs, and discusses its uses (either alone or in combination with other drugs) for the treatment of various human cancers. A special attention is paid to its molecular mechanisms of action, and its undesirable side effects. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy.

              Guido Kroemer, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Oliver Kepp … (2013)
              Depending on the initiating stimulus, cancer cell death can be immunogenic or nonimmunogenic. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) involves changes in the composition of the cell surface as well as the release of soluble mediators, occurring in a defined temporal sequence. Such signals operate on a series of receptors expressed by dendritic cells to stimulate the presentation of tumor antigens to T cells. We postulate that ICD constitutes a prominent pathway for the activation of the immune system against cancer, which in turn determines the long-term success of anticancer therapies. Hence, suboptimal regimens (failing to induce ICD), selective alterations in cancer cells (preventing the emission of immunogenic signals during ICD), or defects in immune effectors (abolishing the perception of ICD by the immune system) can all contribute to therapeutic failure. We surmise that ICD and its subversion by pathogens also play major roles in antiviral immune responses.
              Article 0 comments Cited 768 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Koustav Sarkar
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Res Immunol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Res Immunol
                Title: Current Research in Immunology
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2590-2555
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 August 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 August 2023
                Volume: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100068
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. koustavsarkar@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2590-2555(23)00014-8 Publisher ID: 100068
                DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100068
                PMC ID: 10491645
                PubMed ID: 37692091
                SO-VID: dc6da0cb-3349-449f-a547-e3c9f5c0e45f
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 June 2023
                Date revision received : 16 August 2023
                Date accepted : 25 August 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: chemotherapy,immune system,anticancer treatment,immunosuppressive pathways,immunomodulation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chemotherapy, immune system, anticancer treatment, immunosuppressive pathways, immunomodulation

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