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      The pleiotropic ABNORMAL FLOWER AND DWARF1 affects plant height, floral development and grain yield in rice

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          Abstract

          Moderate plant height and successful establishment of reproductive organs play pivotal roles in rice grain production. The molecular mechanism that controls the two aspects remains unclear in rice. In the present study, we characterized a rice gene, ABNORMAL FLOWER AND DWARF1 ( AFD1) that determined plant height, floral development and grain yield. The afd1 mutant showed variable defects including the dwarfism, long panicle, low seed setting and reduced grain yield. In addition, abnormal floral organs were also observed in the afd1 mutant including slender and thick hulls, and hull‐like lodicules. AFD1 encoded a DUF640 domain protein and was expressed in all tested tissues and organs. Subcellular localization showed AFD1‐green fluorescent fusion protein (GFP) was localized in the nucleus. Meantime, our results suggested that AFD1 regulated the expression of cell division and expansion related genes.

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          A QTL for rice grain width and weight encodes a previously unknown RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase.

          Xian-Jun Song, Wei Huang, Min Shi … (2007)
          Grain weight is one of the most important components of grain yield and is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) derived from natural variations in crops. However, the molecular roles of QTLs in the regulation of grain weight have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of GW2, a new QTL that controls rice grain width and weight. Our data show that GW2 encodes a previously unknown RING-type protein with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which is known to function in the degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Loss of GW2 function increased cell numbers, resulting in a larger (wider) spikelet hull, and it accelerated the grain milk filling rate, resulting in enhanced grain width, weight and yield. Our results suggest that GW2 negatively regulates cell division by targeting its substrate(s) to proteasomes for regulated proteolysis. The functional characterization of GW2 provides insight into the mechanism of seed development and is a potential tool for improving grain yield in crops.
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            Control of grain size, shape and quality by OsSPL16 in rice.

            Shaokui Wang, Kun Wu, Qingbo Yuan … (2012)
            Grain size and shape are important components of grain yield and quality and have been under selection since cereals were first domesticated. Here, we show that a quantitative trait locus GW8 is synonymous with OsSPL16, which encodes a protein that is a positive regulator of cell proliferation. Higher expression of this gene promotes cell division and grain filling, with positive consequences for grain width and yield in rice. Conversely, a loss-of-function mutation in Basmati rice is associated with the formation of a more slender grain and better quality of appearance. The correlation between grain size and allelic variation at the GW8 locus suggests that mutations within the promoter region were likely selected in rice breeding programs. We also show that a marker-assisted strategy targeted at elite alleles of GS3 and OsSPL16 underlying grain size and shape can be effectively used to simultaneously improve grain quality and yield.
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              Green revolution: a mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice.

              A Sasaki, M Ashikari, M. Ueguchi-Tanaka … (2002)
              The chronic food shortage that was feared after the rapid expansion of the world population in the 1960s was averted largely by the development of a high-yielding semi-dwarf variety of rice known as IR8, the so-called rice 'green revolution'. The short stature of IR8 is due to a mutation in the plant's sd1 gene, and here we identify this gene as encoding an oxidase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of gibberellin, a plant growth hormone. Gibberellin is also implicated in green-revolution varieties of wheat, but the reduced height of those crops is conferred by defects in the hormone's signalling pathway.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Integr Plant Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Integr Plant Biol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1744-7909
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JIPB
                Title: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1672-9072
                ISSN (Electronic): 1744-7909
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 January 2016
                Publication date (Print): June 2016
                Volume: 58
                Issue: 6 ( doiID: 10.1111/jipb.v58.6 )
                Pages: 529-539
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] State Key Lab for Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research Institute Hangzhou 310006China
                [ 2 ] College of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004China
                [ 3 ] College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310006China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondences: dalizeng@ 123456126.com ; qianqian188@ 123456hotmail.com (Dr. Qian Qian is fully responsible for distributions of all materials associated with this article)

                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: JIPB12441
                DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12441
                PMC ID: 5064741
                PubMed ID: 26486996
                SO-VID: dba89e76-70f7-41d5-a29d-fea1d753cb3d
                Copyright © © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 04 August 2015
                Date accepted : 16 October 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Funded by: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id jipb12441
                cover-date June 2016
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.4 mode:remove_FC converted:14.10.2016

                Keywords: plant height,hull,lodicule,grain yield,afd1,rice (oryza sativa)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: plant height, hull, lodicule, grain yield, afd1, rice (oryza sativa)

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