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      Predictions of PD-L1 Expression Based on CT Imaging Features in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Translated title: 편평세포폐암에서 CT 영상 소견을 이용한 PD-L1 발현 예측

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To develop models to predict programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) using CT.

          Materials and Methods

          A total of 97 patients diagnosed with SCC who underwent PD-L1 expression assay were included in this study. We performed a CT analysis of the tumors using pretreatment CT images. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to predict PD-L1 positivity in the total patient group and in the 40 advanced-stage (≥ stage IIIB) patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for each model.

          Results

          For the total patient group, the AUC of the ‘total significant features model’ (tumor stage, tumor size, pleural nodularity, and lung metastasis) was 0.652, and that of the ‘selected feature model’ (pleural nodularity) was 0.556. For advanced-stage patients, the AUC of the ‘selected feature model’ (tumor size, pleural nodularity, pulmonary oligometastases, and absence of interstitial lung disease) was 0.897. Among these factors, pleural nodularity and pulmonary oligometastases had the highest odds ratios (8.78 and 16.35, respectively).

          Conclusion

          Our model could predict PD-L1 expression in patients with lung SCC, and pleural nodularity and pulmonary oligometastases were notable predictive CT features of PD-L1.

          Graphical Abstract

          Translated abstract

          목적

          CT 영상 소견을 이용하여 편평세포폐암에서 programmed death ligand 1 (이하 PD-L1)의 발현을 예측하는 모델을 구축해 보고자 하였다.

          대상과 방법

          PD-L1 발현검사 결과를 포함하고 있는 97명의 편평세포폐암 환자를 포함하였고 종양 치료 전 시행한 CT 영상 소견을 분석하였다. 전체 환자군과 40명의 진행성(≥ stage IIIB) 병기 환자군에 대하여 PD-L1 발현 예측을 위한 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석 모델 구축을 시행하였다. 각각의 환자군에 대하여 곡선 아래 면적(areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves; 이하 AUCs)을 분석하여 예측력을 평가하였다.

          결과

          전체 환자군에서 ‘전체 유의인자 모델’(종양병기, 종양크기, 흉막결절, 폐전이)의 AUC 값은 0.652이며, ‘선택 유의인자 모델’(흉막결절)은 0.556이었다. 진행성 병기 환자군에서 ‘선택 유의인자 모델’(종양크기, 흉막결절, 폐소수전이, 간질성폐렴의 부재)의 AUC 값은 0.897이었다. 이러한 인자들 중 흉막결절과 폐소수전이는 높은 오즈비를 보였다(각각, 8.78과 16.35).

          결론

          본 연구에서의 모델은 편평세포폐암의 PD-L1 발현예측의 가능성을 보여주었으며 흉막 결절과 폐소수전이는 PD-L1 발현을 예측하는데 중요한 CT 예측인자였다.

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          Most cited references35

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          • Article: not found

          Cancer statistics, 2019

          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2015, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2016, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2006-2015) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% per year in men, whereas the cancer death rate (2007-2016) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2016 by a total of 27%, translating into approximately 2,629,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the racial gap in cancer mortality is slowly narrowing, socioeconomic inequalities are widening, with the most notable gaps for the most preventable cancers. For example, compared with the most affluent counties, mortality rates in the poorest counties were 2-fold higher for cervical cancer and 40% higher for male lung and liver cancers during 2012-2016. Some states are home to both the wealthiest and the poorest counties, suggesting the opportunity for more equitable dissemination of effective cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. A broader application of existing cancer control knowledge with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups would undoubtedly accelerate progress against cancer.
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            Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1–Positive Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

            Pembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against programmed death 1 (PD-1) that has antitumor activity in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with increased activity in tumors that express programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1).
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              Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer.

              Blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed by T cells, can overcome immune resistance. We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of BMS-936558, an antibody that specifically blocks PD-1. We enrolled patients with advanced melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, or renal-cell or colorectal cancer to receive anti-PD-1 antibody at a dose of 0.1 to 10.0 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks. Response was assessed after each 8-week treatment cycle. Patients received up to 12 cycles until disease progression or a complete response occurred. A total of 296 patients received treatment through February 24, 2012. Grade 3 or 4 drug-related adverse events occurred in 14% of patients; there were three deaths from pulmonary toxicity. No maximum tolerated dose was defined. Adverse events consistent with immune-related causes were observed. Among 236 patients in whom response could be evaluated, objective responses (complete or partial responses) were observed in those with non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, or renal-cell cancer. Cumulative response rates (all doses) were 18% among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (14 of 76 patients), 28% among patients with melanoma (26 of 94 patients), and 27% among patients with renal-cell cancer (9 of 33 patients). Responses were durable; 20 of 31 responses lasted 1 year or more in patients with 1 year or more of follow-up. To assess the role of intratumoral PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) expression in the modulation of the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on pretreatment tumor specimens obtained from 42 patients. Of 17 patients with PD-L1-negative tumors, none had an objective response; 9 of 25 patients (36%) with PD-L1-positive tumors had an objective response (P=0.006). Anti-PD-1 antibody produced objective responses in approximately one in four to one in five patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, or renal-cell cancer; the adverse-event profile does not appear to preclude its use. Preliminary data suggest a relationship between PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and objective response. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00730639.).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Korean Soc Radiol
                J Korean Soc Radiol
                JKSR
                Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
                The Korean Society of Radiology
                2951-0805
                March 2024
                26 March 2024
                : 85
                : 2
                : 394-408
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. [1 ]중앙보훈병원 영상의학과
                [2 ]Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. [2 ]중앙보훈병원 보훈의학연구소
                [3 ]Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. [3 ]성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 영상의학과
                [4 ]Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. [4 ]울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 영상의학과
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Hyun Jung Yoon, MD. Department of Radiology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, 53 Jinhwangdo-ro 61-gil, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05368, Korea. Tel 82-2-2225-3967, Fax 82-2-2225-1433, pinnari@ 123456hanmail.net
                Article
                10.3348/jksr.2023.0011
                11009139
                db6d7064-afd9-4df9-b49d-2453eb47cb4e
                Copyrights © 2024 The Korean Society of Radiology

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 January 2023
                : 21 June 2023
                : 10 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: VHS Medical Center Research;
                Award ID: VHSMC 21007
                Categories
                Thoracic Imaging
                Original Article

                lung squamous cell carcinoma,immunotherapy,programmed death ligand 1,computed tomography

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