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      Molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre- and post-weaned calves in Hubei Province, China

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          Abstract

          Background

          The protistan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia can cause significant intestinal diseases in animals and humans. Cattle, particularly calves, carrying these protists can be significant reservoirs for human infections and disease. However, little is known about the genetic make-up of Cryptosporidium and Giardia populations in cattle and other ruminants in some regions of China.

          Results

          In the present study, PCR-based tools were used to genetically characterise these protists in faecal samples from a total of 339 pre- and post-weaned calves from four distinct locations in Hubei Province using markers in the large ( LSU) or small ( SSU) subunits of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes. Cryptosporidium andersoni, C. bovis, C. ryanae and Giardia duodenalis assemblage E were detected in 0.6%, 10.9%, 4.1% and 22.6% of calves, respectively.

          Conclusions

          This study is the first to report the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre- and post-weaned calves in Hubei Province, and encourages large-scale molecular studies of animals and humans, in an effort to better understand the epidemiology of these enteric pathogens in China.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2463-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.

          Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao (2011)
          Molecular diagnostic tools have been used recently in assessing the taxonomy, zoonotic potential, and transmission of Giardia species and giardiasis in humans and animals. The results of these studies have firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease, although host adaptation at the genotype and subtype levels has reduced the likelihood of zoonotic transmission. These studies have also identified variations in the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes among geographic areas and between domestic and wild ruminants and differences in clinical manifestations and outbreak potentials of assemblages A and B. Nevertheless, our efforts in characterizing the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis and the roles of various animals in the transmission of human giardiasis are compromised by the lack of case-control and longitudinal cohort studies and the sampling and testing of humans and animals living in the same community, the frequent occurrence of infections with mixed genotypes and subtypes, and the apparent heterozygosity at some genetic loci for some G. duodenalis genotypes. With the increased usage of multilocus genotyping tools, the development of next-generation subtyping tools, the integration of molecular analysis in epidemiological studies, and an improved understanding of the population genetics of G. duodenalis in humans and animals, we should soon have a better appreciation of the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis, the disease burden of zoonotic transmission, the taxonomy status and virulences of various G. duodenalis genotypes, and the ecology of environmental contamination.
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            Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

            Una Ryan, Simone M. Cacciò (2013)
            Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within G. duodenalis. To date eight major genetic groups (assemblages) have been identified, two of which (A and B) are found in both humans and animals, whereas the remaining six (C to H) are host-specific and do not infect humans. Sequence-based surveys of single loci have identified a number of genetic variants (genotypes) within assemblages A and B in animal species, some of which may have zoonotic potential. Multi-locus typing data, however, has shown that in most cases, animals do not share identical multi-locus types with humans. Furthermore, interpretation of genotyping data is complicated by the presence of multiple alleles that generate "double peaks" in sequencing files from PCR products, and by the potential exchange of genetic material among isolates, which may account for the non-concordance in the assignment of isolates to specific assemblages. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetics of this parasite is required to allow the design of more sensitive and variable subtyping tools, that in turn may help unravel the complex epidemiology of this infection. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs.

              Una Ryan, Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao (2014)
              Cryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that have been reported in humans, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with several Cryptosporidium species or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission of Cryptosporidium species, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for many Cryptosporidium species of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity of Cryptosporidium species and impact of climate change on the transmission of Cryptosporidium.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yingying Fan: fanyingying@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
                Tao Wang: tao.wang1@unimelb.edu.au
                Anson V. Koehler: anson.koehler@unimelb.edu.au
                Min Hu: mhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn
                Robin B. Gasser: robinbg@unimelb.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & Vectors
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 October 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 October 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 519
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1790 4137, GRID grid.35155.37, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, , Huazhong Agricultural University, ; Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, GRID grid.1008.9, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, , The University of Melbourne, ; Parkville, VIC Australia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2463
                DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2463-3
                PMC ID: 5657125
                PubMed ID: 29070070
                SO-VID: db3e7d73-9674-4711-a2ce-e74fd41afc12
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 17 September 2017
                Date accepted : 9 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: cryptosporidium,giardia,calves,pcr-based sequencing,nuclear ribosomal rna genes,china
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: cryptosporidium, giardia, calves, pcr-based sequencing, nuclear ribosomal rna genes, china

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