Antipsychotics exert therapeutic effects by modulating various cellular signalling pathways and several types of receptors, including PKA- and GSK3β-mediated signalling pathways, and NMDA receptors. The ventral midbrain, mainly containing the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), are the nuclei with dopamine origins in the brain, which are also involved in the actions of antipsychotics. Whether antipsychotics can modulate these cellular pathways in the ventral midbrain is unknown.