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      134Cs Uptake and Growth at Various Cs + and K + Levels in Arabidopsis AtKUP7 Mutants

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          Abstract

          Radiocaesium is a pollutant with a high risk for the environment, agricultural production, and human health. It is mobile in ecosystems and can be taken up by plants via potassium transporters. In this study, we focused on the role of potassium transporter AtKUP7 of the KT/HAK/KUP family in Cs + and K + uptake by plants and in plant tolerance to caesium toxicity. We detected that Arabidopsis kup7 mutant accumulates significantly lower amounts of 134Cs in the root (86%) and in the shoot (69%) compared to the wild-type. On the other hand ability of the mutant to grow on media with toxic (100 and 200 µM) concentrations of Cs + was not changed; moreover its growth was not impaired on low K +. We further investigated another mutant line in AtKUP7 and found that the growth phenotype of the kup7 mutants in K + deficient conditions is much milder than previously published. Also, their accumulation of K + in shoots is hindered only by severe potassium shortage.

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          The potassium transporter AtHAK5 functions in K(+) deprivation-induced high-affinity K(+) uptake and AKT1 K(+) channel contribution to K(+) uptake kinetics in Arabidopsis roots.

          Markus Gierth, Julian I. Schroeder, Markus Gierth (2005)
          Potassium is an important macronutrient and the most abundant cation in plants. Because soil mineral conditions can vary, plants must be able to adjust to different nutrient availabilities. Here, we used Affymetrix Genechip microarrays to identify genes responsive to potassium (K(+)) deprivation in roots of mature Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Unexpectedly, only a few genes were changed in their expression level after 6, 48, and 96 h of K(+) starvation even though root K(+) content was reduced by approximately 60%. AtHAK5, a potassium transporter gene from the KUP/HAK/KT family, was most consistently and strongly up-regulated in its expression level across 48-h, 96-h, and 7-d K(+) deprivation experiments. AtHAK5 promoter-beta-glucuronidase and -green fluorescent protein fusions showed AtHAK5 promoter activity in the epidermis and vasculature of K(+) deprived roots. Rb(+) uptake kinetics in roots of athak5 T-DNA insertion mutants and wild-type plants demonstrated the absence of a major part of an inducible high-affinity Rb(+)/K(+) (K(m) approximately 15-24 microm) transport system in athak5 plants. In comparative analyses, uptake kinetics of the K(+) channel mutant akt1-1 showed that akt1-1 roots are mainly impaired in a major transport mechanism, with an apparent affinity of approximately 0.9 mm K(+)(Rb(+)). Data show adaptation of apparent K(+) affinities of Arabidopsis roots when individual K(+) transporter genes are disrupted. In addition, the limited transcriptome-wide response to K(+) starvation indicates that posttranscriptional mechanisms may play important roles in root adaptation to K(+) availability in Arabidopsis. The results demonstrate an in vivo function for AtHAK5 in the inducible high-affinity K(+) uptake system in Arabidopsis roots.
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            The role of a potassium transporter OsHAK5 in potassium acquisition and transport from roots to shoots in rice at low potassium supply levels.

            Tianyuan Yang, Song Zhang, Yibing Hu … (2014)
            In plants, K transporter (KT)/high affinity K transporter (HAK)/K uptake permease (KUP) is the largest potassium (K) transporter family; however, few of the members have had their physiological functions characterized in planta. Here, we studied OsHAK5 of the KT/HAK/KUP family in rice (Oryza sativa). We determined its cellular and tissue localization and analyzed its functions in rice using both OsHAK5 knockout mutants and overexpression lines in three genetic backgrounds. A β-glucuronidase reporter driven by the OsHAK5 native promoter indicated OsHAK5 expression in various tissue organs from root to seed, abundantly in root epidermis and stele, the vascular tissues, and mesophyll cells. Net K influx rate in roots and K transport from roots to aerial parts were severely impaired by OsHAK5 knockout but increased by OsHAK5 overexpression in 0.1 and 0.3 mm K external solution. The contribution of OsHAK5 to K mobilization within the rice plant was confirmed further by the change of K concentration in the xylem sap and K distribution in the transgenic lines when K was removed completely from the external solution. Overexpression of OsHAK5 increased the K-sodium concentration ratio in the shoots and salt stress tolerance (shoot growth), while knockout of OsHAK5 decreased the K-sodium concentration ratio in the shoots, resulting in sensitivity to salt stress. Taken together, these results demonstrate that OsHAK5 plays a major role in K acquisition by roots faced with low external K and in K upward transport from roots to shoots in K-deficient rice plants.
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              The high affinity K+ transporter AtHAK5 plays a physiological role in planta at very low K+ concentrations and provides a caesium uptake pathway in Arabidopsis.

              Ryoung Shin, Zhi-Qi Ren, C Hampton … (2007)
              Caesium (Cs(+)) is a potentially toxic mineral element that is released into the environment and taken up by plants. Although Cs(+) is chemically similar to potassium (K(+)), and much is known about K(+) transport mechanisms, it is not clear through which K(+) transport mechanisms Cs(+) is taken up by plant roots. In this study, the role of AtHAK5 in high affinity K(+) and Cs(+) uptake was characterized. It is demonstrated that AtHAK5 is localized to the plasma membrane under conditions of K(+) deprivation, when it is expressed. Growth analysis showed that AtHAK5 plays a role during severe K(+) deprivation. Under K(+)-deficient conditions in the presence of Cs(+), Arabidopsis seedlings lacking AtHAK5 had increased inhibition of root growth and lower Cs(+) accumulation, and significantly higher leaf chlorophyll concentrations than wild type. These data indicate that, in addition to transporting K(+) in planta, AtHAK5 also transports Cs(+). Further experiments showed that AtHAK5 mediated Cs(+) uptake into yeast cells and that, although the K(+) deficiency-induced expression of AtHAK5 was inhibited by low concentrations of NH(4)(+) in planta, Cs(+) uptake by yeast was stimulated by low concentrations of NH(4)(+). Interestingly, the growth of the Arabidopsis atakt1-1 mutant was more sensitive to Cs(+) than the wild type. This may be explained, in part, by increased expression of AtHAK5 in the atakt1-1 mutant. It is concluded that AtHAK5 is a root plasma membrane uptake mechanism for K(+) and Cs(+) under conditions of low K(+) availability.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plants
                Title: Plants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2223-7747
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 November 2020
                Publication date Collection: November 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1525
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic; sustrm@ 123456natur.cuni.cz (M.Š.); b.cabelkova@ 123456seznam.cz (B.D.); asoukup@ 123456natur.cuni.cz (A.S.)
                [2 ]National Radiation Protection Institute, Bartoškova 28, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic; tereza.doksanska@ 123456suro.cz
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: edmunz@ 123456natur.cuni.cz ; Tel.: +420-221-951-679
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-2507
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7239-8212
                Article
                Publisher ID: plants-09-01525
                DOI: 10.3390/plants9111525
                PMC ID: 7696183
                PubMed ID: 33182498
                SO-VID: db1cc4af-862e-42d4-ac53-c35bca05f0b0
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 October 2020
                Date accepted : 07 November 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: caesium,root growth,potassium,kt/hak/kup,atkup7
                Data availability:
                Keywords: caesium, root growth, potassium, kt/hak/kup, atkup7

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