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      Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy: an overview Translated title: Síndrome de Cushing na gravidez: uma visão geral

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          Abstract

          Cushing's syndrome (CS) during pregnancy is a rare condition with fewer than 150 cases reported in the literature. Adrenal adenomas were found to be the commonest cause, followed by Cushing's disease. The gestation dramatically affects the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in increased hepatic production of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), increased levels of serum, salivary and urinary free cortisol, lack of suppression of cortisol levels after dexamethasone administration and placental production of CRH and ACTH. Moreover, a blunted response of ACTH and cortisol to exogenous CRH may also occur. Therefore, the diagnosis of CS during pregnancy is much more difficult. Misdiagnosis of CS is also common, as the syndrome may be easily confused with preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. Because CS during pregnancy is usually associated with severe maternal and fetal complications, its early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Surgery is the treatment of choice for CS in pregnancy, except perhaps in the late third trimester, with medical therapy being a second choice. There does not seem to be a rationale for supportive treatment alone.

          Translated abstract

          A ocorrência de síndrome de Cushing (SC) durante a gravidez é rara, com menos de 150 casos reportados na literatura. Os adenomas adrenais parecem ser a causa mais comum seguidos da doença de Cushing. A gestação afeta de maneira dramática o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal materno resultando em aumento da produção hepática da globulina ligadora de corticosteróides (CBG), aumento dos níveis séricos, salivares e livres urinários de cortisol, falta de supressão do cortisol após administração de dexametasona e produção placentária de CRH e ACTH. Além disso, pode também ocorrer bloqueio da resposta do ACTH e do cortisol ao CRH exógeno. Assim, o diagnóstico de SC durante a gravidez torna-se muito mais difícil. A falha em diagnosticar SC é também comum, já que a síndrome pode ser facilmente confundida com pré-eclampsia ou diabetes gestacional. Uma vez que a SC de ocorrência na gravidez é usualmente associada com graves complicações materno-fetais, seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoces tornam-se críticos. A cirurgia é o tratamento de escolha para a SC na gravidez, exceto, talvez, no final do 3º trimestre, sendo o tratamento medicamentoso a segunda escolha. Não parece haver nenhum arrazoado para o tratamento de suporte isoladamente.

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          Most cited references96

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          Serum CBG, free and total cortisol and circadian patterns of adrenal function in normal pregnancy.

          Parameters of cortisol metabolism were studied in pregnancy and early post partum and in non pregnant women. Total serum cortisol was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay and its unbound- and CBG-bound fractions by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C. CBG was measured directly, by an immunodiffusion method (true CBG) and indirectly, by the Scatchard analysis of its interaction with labelled cortisol (PT). During pregnancy the increases in true CBG and total cortisol concentrations were grossly parallel but the PT/true CBG ratio fell from almost 1 in non-pregnant and delivered women to 0.6 during the second half of pregnancy. At 6 p.m., unbound cortisol was significantly higher in outpatients during the 2d half of pregnancy than in non pregnant controls (0.017 vs 0.009 10(-6) mol/l). In hospitalized resting patients, unbound cortisol concentrations were the same in pregnant and non pregnant women except for a significantly higher level of unbound cortisol at midnight during the second half of pregnancy. Circadian variations of cortisol secretion persisted throughout pregnancy. It is concluded that in pregnancy (1) hypothalamic control of maternal adrenal secretion still prevails, (2) the increase in total cortisol is essentially due to that of CBG, (3) the unbound cortisol is normal or, at times, slightly increased and (4) variations in the PT/true CBG ratios may be explained by the presence of steroids (progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone) with a high affinity for CBG. The physiological significance of the mild hypercortisolism of pregnancy is discussed.
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            Corticosteroids and pregnancy.

            Pregnancy results in major changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which in turn influence fetal growth and the timing of labor. From the beginning of the second trimester maternal cortisol secretion increases, and in late pregnancy the placenta, in large part mediated through corticotroph-releasing hormone, plays a crucial role in the regulation of the fetal HPA axis to ensure the synchronization of the various processes involved in parturition. Exposure of the fetus to excess glucocorticoid results in intrauterine growth failure and possibly "programs" the development of cardiovascular disease in adult life. Biochemical assessment of the HPA axis is complicated by the estrogen-induced elevation of circulating cortisol-binding globulin, resulting in misleadingly high circulating cortisol levels The hypercortisolemia of Cushing's syndrome causes infertility, but if pregnancy does occur it can result in increased morbidity and mortality in mother and fetus. However, the prospects of a successful pregnancy are greatly improved with control of hypercortisolemia by surgery and medical therapy with metyrapone. Hypoadrenalism can be difficult to diagnose during pregnancy but, once the diagnosis is made, with careful monitoring, dose adjustment as indicated, and parenteral cover for labor, a successful pregnancy should result.
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              Elevated free cortisol index in pregnancy: possible regulatory mechanisms.

              Biologically active plasma free cortisol increases markedly in pregnancy. In this investigation the free cortisol index (FFI) in the plasma of pregnant and nonpregnant women was measured by a charcoal adsorption technique. The circadian FFI patterns were virtually identical in the two groups, but in gravid women there was a substantial and sustained elevation of the FFI. Sequential studies during gestation and post partum revealed increasing responsiveness of the maternal adrenal glands to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and decreasing suppressibility of the FFI by dexamethasone as pregnancy advanced. Persistence of normal circadian rhythmicity in spite of a continuously elevated FFI and resistance to dexamethasone suppression suggest control of cortisol secretion by normal regulatory mechanisms in pregnancy with resetting of the maternal feedback mechanisms to higher levels. This resetting and the lack of manifestations of cortisol excess in pregnancy might result from tissue refractoriness to cortisol. Elevated free cortisol would be needed to maintain homeostasis. The necessary increase in the production of cortisol could be facilitated by an enhanced responsiveness of the maternal adrenal glands to ACTH.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                November 2007
                : 51
                : 8
                : 1293-1302
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Federal University of Pernambuco
                [2 ] Hospital Getúlio Vargas Pernambuco University Medical School Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27302007000800015
                10.1590/S0004-27302007000800015
                db11285d-3010-4ed8-b37b-e804b185b9e4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Cushing's syndrome,Cushing's disease,Adrenal adenoma,Pregnancy,Síndrome de Cushing,Doença de Cushing,Adenoma adrenal,Gravidez

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