Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections – ScienceOpen
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      Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections

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          Abstract

          We characterized the vaginal ecosystem during common infections of the female genital tract, as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC, n = 18) and Chlamydia trachomatis infection (CT, n = 20), recruiting healthy (HC, n = 21) and bacterial vaginosis-affected (BV, n = 20) women as references of eubiosis and dysbiosis. The profiles of the vaginal microbiome and metabolome were studied in 79 reproductive-aged women, by means of next generation sequencing and proton based-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lactobacillus genus was profoundly depleted in all the genital infections herein considered, and species-level analysis revealed that healthy vaginal microbiome was dominated by L. crispatus. In the shift from HC to CT, VVC, and BV, L. crispatus was progressively replaced by L. iners. CT infection and VVC, as well as BV condition, were mainly characterised by anaerobe genera, e.g. Gardnerella, Prevotella, Megasphaera, Roseburia and Atopobium. The changes in the bacterial communities occurring during the genital infections resulted in significant alterations in the vaginal metabolites composition, being the decrease of lactate a common marker of all the pathological conditions. In conclusion, according to the taxonomic and metabolomics analysis, we found that each of the four conditions is characterized by a peculiar vaginal microbiome/metabolome fingerprint.

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          Vulvovaginal candidosis.

          Despite therapeutic advances, vulvovaginal candidosis remains a common problem worldwide, affecting all strata of society. Understanding of anti-candida host defence mechanisms in the vagina has developed slowly and, despite a growing list of recognised risk factors, a fundamental grasp of pathogenic mechanisms continues to elude us. The absence of rapid, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic tests continues to result in both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of vulvovaginal candidosis. I review the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this infection, and also discuss management strategies.
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            Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis.

            Chlamydia spp. are important causes of human disease for which no effective vaccine exists. These obligate intracellular pathogens replicate in a specialized membrane compartment and use a large arsenal of secreted effectors to survive in the hostile intracellular environment of the host. In this Review, we summarize the progress in decoding the interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts that has been made possible by recent technological advances in chlamydial proteomics and genetics. The field is now poised to decipher the molecular mechanisms that underlie the intimate interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts, which will open up many exciting avenues of research for these medically important pathogens.
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              Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health

              The human body is colonized by a vast number of microorganisms collectively referred to as the human microbiota. One of the main microbiota body sites is the female genital tract, commonly dominated by Lactobacillus spp., in approximately 70% of women. Each individual species can constitute approximately 99% of the ribotypes observed in any individual woman. The most frequently isolated species are Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus iners. Residing at the port of entry of bacterial and viral pathogens, the vaginal Lactobacillus species can create a barrier against pathogen invasion since mainly products of their metabolism secreted in the cervicovaginal fluid can play an important role in the inhibition of bacterial and viral infections. Therefore, a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota appears to be a good biomarker for a healthy vaginal ecosystem. This balance can be rapidly altered during processes such as menstruation, sexual activity, pregnancy and various infections. An abnormal vaginal microbiota is characterized by an increased diversity of microbial species, leading to a condition known as bacterial vaginosis. Information on the vaginal microbiota can be gathered from the analysis of cervicovaginal fluid, by using the Nugent scoring or the Amsel's criteria, or at the molecular level by investigating the number and type of Lactobacillus species. However, when translating this to the clinical setting, it should be noted that the absence of a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota does not appear to directly imply a diseased condition or dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the widely documented beneficial role of vaginal Lactobacillus species demonstrates the potential of data on the composition and activity of lactobacilli as biomarkers for vaginal health. The substantiation and further validation of such biomarkers will allow the design of better targeted probiotic strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                carola.parolin@unibo.it
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                1 October 2019
                1 October 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 14095
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, GRID grid.5326.2, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, , National Research Council, ; Segrate, Milan Italy
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2822, GRID grid.4708.b, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, , University of Milan, ; Milan, Italy
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 1758, GRID grid.6292.f, Microbiology, Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Department (DIMES), , University of Bologna, ; Bologna, Italy
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 1758, GRID grid.6292.f, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), , University of Bologna, ; Bologna, Italy
                [5 ]GRID grid.412311.4, Dermatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, ; Bologna, Italy
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 1758, GRID grid.6292.f, Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, , University of Bologna, ; Cesena, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8799
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1536-9276
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-7376
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-5410
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-1206
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-6560
                Article
                50410
                10.1038/s41598-019-50410-x
                6773718
                31575935
                dac3b3dd-27b3-4edf-9d66-20520b699596
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 May 2019
                : 6 September 2019
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                microbiome,bacterial infection,fungal infection
                Uncategorized
                microbiome, bacterial infection, fungal infection

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