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      Effects of Heat Stress on the Well-Being, Fertility, and Hatchability of Chickens in the Northern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria: A Review

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          Abstract

          The paper examines heat stress and its adverse effects as a hindrance to profitable poultry production in the tropics, with emphasis on the Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria. It elucidates the general negative effects of heat stress on physiological parameters of domestic chickens, and the specific impact of the stress on reproduction in the tropics. The deleterious effects are expressed in poor poultry well-being and reproductive performance. It is concluded that measures aimed at alleviating heat stress in domestic chickens must be adopted in order to enhance reproductive and, consequently, efficiency of modern poultry production in the tropics.

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          Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane properties of a unique fatty acid.

          William Stillwell, Stephen Wassall (2003)
          Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with 22-carbons and 6 double bonds is the extreme example of an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). DHA has strong medical implications since its dietary presence has been positively linked to the prevention of numerous human afflictions including cancer and heart disease. The PUFA, moreover, is essential to neurological function. It is remarkable that one simple molecule has been reported to affect so many seemingly unrelated biological processes. Although details of a molecular mode of action remain elusive, DHA must be acting at a fundamental level common to many tissues that is related to the high degree of conformational flexibility that the multiple double bonds have been identified to confer. One likely target for DHA action is at the cell membrane where the fatty acid is known to readily incorporate into membrane phospholipids. Once esterified into phospholipids DHA has been demonstrated to significantly alter many basic properties of membranes including acyl chain order and "fluidity", phase behavior, elastic compressibility, permeability, fusion, flip-flop and protein activity. It is concluded that DHA's interaction with other membrane lipids, particularly cholesterol, may play a prominent role in modulating the local structure and function of cell membranes.
          Article 0 comments Cited 179 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Oxidative stress & male infertility.

            Kartikeya Makker, Rakesh Sharma, Ashok Agarwal (2009)
            The male factor is considered a major contributory factor to infertility. Apart from the conventional causes for male infertility such as varicocoele, cryptorchidism, infections, obstructive lesions, cystic fibrosis, trauma, and tumours, a new and important cause has been identified: oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a result of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in the body. It is a powerful mechanism that can lead to sperm damage, deformity and eventually, male infertility. This review discusses the physiological need for ROS and their role in normal sperm function. It also highlights the mechanism of production and the pathophysiology of ROS in relation to the male reproductive system and enumerate the benefits of incorporating antioxidants in clinical and experimental settings.
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              Capacitation as a regulatory event that primes spermatozoa for the acrosome reaction and fertilization.

              C Gagnon, Edwin De Pauw, P Leclerc (1997)
              Capacitation is defined as the series of transformations that spermatozoa normally undergo during their migration through the female genital tract, in order to reach and bind to the zona pellucida, undergo the acrosome reaction, and fertilize the egg. During this process, extensive changes occur in all sperm compartments (head and flagellum; membrane, cytosol, cytoskeleton), factors originating from epididymal fluid and seminal plasma are lost or redistributed and membrane lipids and proteins are reorganized; ion fluxes induce biochemical modifications and controlled amounts of reactive oxygen species are generated; spermatozoa develop hyperactivated motility; and complex signal transduction mechanisms are initiated. The main purpose of capacitation is to ensure that spermatozoa reach the eggs at the appropriate time and in the appropriate state to fertilize these eggs, by finely-controlling the rate of the changes necessary to prime spermatozoa and by activating all the mechanisms needed for the subsequent acrosome reaction. The reversibility of some of the mechanisms leading to sperm capacitation may therefore be a very important aspect of the fine regulation and perfect timing of this process.
              Article 0 comments Cited 65 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ISRN Vet Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ISRN Vet Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ISRN.VS
                Title: ISRN Veterinary Science
                Publisher: International Scholarly Research Network
                ISSN (Print): 2090-4452
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-4460
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2011
                Volume: 2011
                Electronic Location Identifier: 838606
                Affiliations
                1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 81001, Nigeria
                2National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 81001, Nigeria
                Author notes

                Academic Editors: B. China and P. Holt

                Article
                DOI: 10.5402/2011/838606
                PMC ID: 3658707
                PubMed ID: 23738109
                SO-VID: daae326a-0063-4e66-aec9-992d2811e66b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 J. O. Ayo et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 2 March 2011
                Date accepted : 21 March 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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