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      Inseminação artificial em tempo fixo e diagnóstico precoce de gestação em vacas leiteiras mestiças Translated title: Timed artificial insemination and early pregnancy diagnosis in crossbred dairy cows

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          Abstract

          Avaliou-se, durante um ano, o desempenho reprodutivo de 94 vacas leiteiras mestiças Bos taurus x Bos indicus submetidas a um programa de reprodução assistida. Um protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) foi executado por meio de dispositivo intravaginal contendo progesterona e das injeções de prostaglandina F2α e de cipionato de estradiol. Por meio de ultrassonografia, entre 7 e 14 dias após as inseminações ou montas controladas, realizou-se a detecção de corpo lúteo nos ovários a fim de determinar a taxa de ovulação e, no 28º dia, fez-se o diagnóstico de gestação para cálculo da taxa de concepção. Respeitou-se um período mínimo de 34 dias após o parto antes do tratamento. Não houve influência do escore de condição corporal e da presença de corpo lúteo no início do protocolo, nem da reutilização do dispositivo intravaginal e da monta controlada ou inseminação artificial, sobre as taxas de ovulação, concepção e concepção das vacas ovuladas. As taxas de concepção e de concepção das vacas ovuladas foram afetadas negativamente pelo elevado número de dias pós-parto (DPP), ou dias em lactação e pela época quente do ano, primavera/verão. A resposta ao protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo baseado no uso de progesterona, PGF2α e cipionato de estradiol é prejudicada pelo aumento dos dias em lactação e pela época quente do ano. A condição corporal não afeta a resposta ao protocolo de inseminação artificial, desde que as vacas tratadas apresentem escore acima de 2,25 pontos.

          Translated abstract

          It was evaluated, during a period of one year, the reproductive performance of 94 Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbred dairy cows submitted to an assisted reproduction program. A timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol was carried out by using an intra-vaginal progesterone device containing progesterone and through injections with Prostaglandin F2α and estradiol cypionate. By using ultrasound, from 7 to 14 days after inseminations or controlled mattings, detection of corpus luteum in the ovaries was done to determine ovulation rate and, on the 28th day, diagnosis of pregnancy was carried out for calculation of conception rate. Treatment only started after a 34-day post-partum minimal period. Body condition score, presence of corpus luteum in the beginning of the protocol, reutilization of intra-vaginal device and controlled mating or artificial insemination did not influence rates of ovulation, conception and conception of ovulated cows. Rates of conception and rates of conception of ovulated cows were negatively affected by the higher number of days post partum (DPP), or days in milk and by the warmer seasons of the year, spring/summer. Response to protocol of timed artificial insemination based on the use of progesterone, PGF2α and estradiol cypionate is negatively affected by lactation days and by the warm season of the year. Body condition does not affect the response to protocol of artificial insemination provided that treated cows show body condition scores higher than 2.5 points.

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          Most cited references24

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          Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals.

          J Fortune (1994)
          Evidence from several species indicates that the initial stages of follicular growth proceed very slowly. In contrast, the stages after antrum formation are much more rapid. Atresia seems to be most prevalent as follicles approach the size at which they could be recruited for potential ovulation. Although most follicles become atretic around that stage, a few are recruited into a cohort or wave of follicles that continue to grow beyond the stage at which atresia normally occurs. Next, a species-specific number of follicles is selected for dominance. In some species (e.g. rats, primates, pigs), dominant follicles develop only during the follicular phase and are thus destined for ovulation. In another group of species (e.g. cattle, sheep, horses), recruitment, selection, and dominance occur at regular intervals, but only the dominant follicle present during the follicular phase ovulates. There is evidence that the mechanism that allows some follicles to be recruited for potential dominance/ovulation is a small elevation in basal FSH that, by chance, occurs around the time the follicle would normally begin atresia. Some recruited follicles are saved from atresia for only a short time. Only the dominant follicle(s) selected from among the recruited follicles grows to ovulatory or near-ovulatory size. What determines which follicle(s) becomes dominant is not known, but dominance appears to be maintained by negative feedback effects of products of the dominant follicle on circulating FSH. Selection and dominance are accompanied by progressive increases in the ability of thecal cells to produce androgen and granulosa cells to aromatize androgen to estradiol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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            Risk factors for resumption of postpartum estrous cycles and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows.

            The objectives of this study were to evaluate factors associated with resumption of postpartum estrous cycles and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows, 6396 from four dairy farms were evaluated to determine the relationships among parity, body condition score (BCS) at calving and at AI, season of year when cows calved, and milk yield on resumption of postpartum estrous cycles by 65 days postpartum, and all the previous variables, estrual or anestrus and AI protocol on conception rates and embryonic survival at the first postpartum insemination. Cows had their estrous cycle pre-synchronized with two PGF(2alpha) injections given 14 days apart and were inseminated between 69 and 82 days postpartum following either an estrous or ovulation synchronization protocol initiated 12-14 days after the presynchronization. Blood was sampled and analyzed for progesterone twice, 12-14 days apart, to determine whether cows had initiated onset of estrous cycles after calving. Cows were scored for body condition in the week after calving, and again at AI, between 69 and 82 days postpartum. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 30+/-3 and 58+/-3 days after AI. Farm influenced all reproductive outcomes evaluated. More (P<0.0001) multiparous than primiparous cows had initiated estrous cycles. Onset of estrous cycles was also influenced (P<0.01) by BCS at calving and at AI, BCS change, season, and milk yield. More (P<0.001) cows that had initiated estrous cycles than anestrous cows were pregnant at 30 and 58 days after AI, but anestrus did not affect pregnancy loss. Conception rates were also influenced (P<0.01) by parity, BCS at calving and AI, BCS change, and season; however, milk yield and insemination protocol were not associated with conception rates at 30 and 58 days after AI. Factors that reduced conception rate on day 30 after AI also increased pregnancy loss between 30 and 58 days of gestation. Improving BCS at calving and AI, minimizing losses of BCS after calving, and hastening onset of estrous cycles early postpartum are all expected to increase conception because of enhanced embryonic survival.
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              Epidemiology of reproductive performance in dairy cows.

              The objectives of this presentation are to review results of our previous and on-going research with respect to the risk factors and consequences of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows, and to develop an economic framework to optimize decisions related to dairy cow reproductive performance. To make profitable breeding and replacement decisions, the farmer must account for factors including age, production level, lactation stage, pregnancy status, and disease history of the cows in the herd. Establishing the interrelationships among disease, milk yield, reproduction, and herd management is necessary for developing a decision model for disease treatment, insemination, and replacement. The data for the studies reviewed in this presentation incorporate health, production, and management components from Holsteins in the Northeast USA and Ayrshires from Finland. Data were analyzed using the Cornell Theory Center Supercomputer. The effect of risk factors on reproductive disorders was modeled with logistic regression, and on conception, insemination, and culling with survival analysis. The effect of reproductive disorders on milk yield was analyzed with mixed models. Economic optimization of reproductive performance was done with dynamic programming (DP). High milk yield, high parity, and calving in winter were risk factors for several reproductive disorders. These disorders, in turn, delayed insemination and conception in dairy cows, and some of them increased the risk of culling. Dystocia, retained placenta, and early metritis led to a short-term drop in milk production. High milk yield was not a major factor in delaying conception, except in first parity cows. However, higher yielders were more likely to be inseminated, and less likely to be culled. Non-pregnant cows had a higher risk of being culled. Reproductive performance of dairy cows influenced a herd's profitability, and good heat detection and conception rates provided opportunities for management control. It was not always economically advantageous to get cows pregnant as soon as possible, and there was no one optimal value for the calving interval length for all cows in a herd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbz
                Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
                R. Bras. Zootec.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia (Viçosa, MG, Brazil )
                1516-3598
                1806-9290
                January 2011
                : 40
                : 1
                : 79-84
                Affiliations
                [01] Uberlândia MG orgnameUFU orgdiv1FAMEV Brasil
                [02] Uberlândia MG orgnameUFU orgdiv1FAMAT Brasil
                Article
                S1516-35982011000100011 S1516-3598(11)04000111
                da44d151-df99-4fe9-9778-198d205c16ab

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 July 2009
                : 30 December 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Melhoramento, Genética e Reprodução

                reproductive efficiency,protocol of synchronization,ovulation,conception,protocolo de sincronização,ovulação,eficiência reprodutiva,concepção

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