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      Regulation of cell cycles is of key importance in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical carcinogenesis

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          Abstract

          The rapid progress in molecular biology has allowed the identification of the genes involved in different functions of normal cells and has also improved our understanding of the mechanisms of human carcinogenesis. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA tumor virus and its genes can manipulate cell cycle control to promote viral persistence and replication. The E6 and E7 proteins of high-risk HPV bind to cell cycle regulatory proteins and interfere with both G1/S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints much more effectively than the low-risk HPV. The difference between the ability of low and high-risk HPV types to induce immortalization and transformation may well lie in their abilities to interact with the various cell cycle components, resulting in the loss of multiple cell cycle checkpoints, which are important in host genome fidelity, thus potentially resulting in accumulation of genetic abnormalities. Cervical cancer is one of the leading malignancies in women worldwide, with substantial morbidity and mortality. According to current concepts, HPV is recognized as the single most important causal agent in the pathogenesis of this cancer. HPV infection clearly precedes the development of malignancy, while being regularly associated with cervical cancer precursor lesions (all grades of squamous intraepithelial lesions). HPV-infected low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) has three possible outcomes: a) it may regress; b) it can persist; or c) it can make a clinical progression to in situ or invasive carcinoma. It has been well established by prospective cohort studies that the spontaneous regression rate increases in parallel with follow-up duration. In contrast, the clinical progression of lesions usually takes place quite rapidly, i.e. during the first two years from diagnosis. The mechanisms responsible for this divergent clinical behavior of HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesions are largely unknown, but currently under intense study in different laboratories worldwide.

          Translated abstract

          O rápido progresso dos estudos em biologia molecular permitiu identificar os genes envolvidos em diferentes funções celulares e também melhorou nossa compreensão sobre os mecanismos da carcinogênese humana. O papilomavírus humano (human papillomavirus, HPV) é um vírus de DNA e os seus genes podem manipular o controle do ciclo celular para promover a sua persistência e replicação. As proteínas E6 e E7 dos HPVs de alto risco oncogênico ligam-se às proteínas reguladoras do ciclo celular e interferem nas fases G1/S e G2/M mais efetivamente do que os HPVs de baixo risco. Os HPVs de baixo e alto risco diferem em sua capacidade de induzir imortalização e transformação celular bem como de interagir com os vários componentes de ciclo celular, o que resulta na perda de pontos de checagem do DNA, importantes para a manutenção do genoma do hospedeiro, e também resulta no acúmulo de anormalidades genéticas. O câncer de colo de útero é um dos principais cânceres genitais em mulheres em todo o mundo, com significativa morbidade e mortalidade. De acordo com conceitos atuais, o HPV é reconhecido como o agente causal mais importante na patogênese deste câncer. A infecção por HPV está associada a todas as lesões intra-epiteliais escamosas do colo do útero. A lesão intra-epitelial escamosa (squamous intraepithelial lesion, SIL) de baixo-grau tem três possíveis resultados: a) pode regredir; b) pode persistir ou c) pode progredir para câncer in situ ou invasivo. Estudos de coorte mostraram que a taxa de regressão espontânea destas lesões aumenta conforme o tempo de seguimento, em contraste com as lesões destinadas a progressão, que normalmente evoluem rapidamente, geralmente nos primeiros dois anos. Os mecanismos responsáveis pelo comportamento clínico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa associada ao HPV ainda não são totalmente conhecidos, mas atualmente têm sido motivo de estudos em todo o mundo.

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          Histone deacetylases specifically down-regulate p53-dependent gene activation.

          p53, the most commonly mutated gene in cancer cells, directs cell cycle arrest or induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to stress. It has been demonstrated that p53 activity is up-regulated in part by posttranslational acetylation. In agreement with these observations, here we show that mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1, -2, and -3 are all capable of down-regulating p53 function. Down-regulation of p53 activity by HDACs is HDAC dosage-dependent, requires the deacetylase activity of HDACs, and depends on the region of p53 that is acetylated by p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP). These results suggest that interactions of p53 and HDACs likely result in p53 deacetylation, thereby reducing its transcriptional activity. In support of this idea, GST pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays show that p53 interacts with HDAC1 both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a pre-acetylated p53 peptide was significantly deacetylated by immunoprecipitated wild type HDAC1 but not deacetylase mutant. Also, co-expression of HDAC1 greatly reduced the in vivo acetylation level of p53. Finally, we report that the activation potential of p53 on the BAX promoter, a natural p53-responsive system, is reduced in the presence of HDACs. Taken together, our findings indicate that deacetylation of p53 by histone deacetylases is likely to be part of the mechanisms that control the physiological activity of p53.
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            Papillomavirus infections in human pathology

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              Incidence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida sp and human papilloma virus in cytological smears

              CONTEXT: In spite of the wide-ranging literature on the microbiology of normal and abnormal flora of the vagina, there are few studies on the relationship between human papilloma virus (HPV) and other vaginal microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) and other agents like Candida sp., Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis in cytological smears. DESIGN STUDY: Retrospective study SETTING: A public tertiary referral center. SAMPLE: An analysis of 17,391 cytologies from outpatients seen between January 1997 and August 1998. The control group was made up of patients in the same age group and same period with no cytological evidence of HPV infection. Patients with a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or III were excluded from this analysis. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The diagnosis of HPV infection was made in accordance with the criteria of Schneider et al. and the diagnosis of Gardnerella vaginalis was made with a finding of clue cells. RESULTS: 390 (2.24%) had alterations consistent with infection by HPV, sometimes associated with CIN I. The results showed that Gardnerella vaginalis was the most frequent agent in women with HPV infection (23.6% versus 17.4%; P <0.05), while in the control group the most frequent agent was Candida sp. (23.9% versus 13.8%; p <0.001). CONCLUSION: In spite of this study being based solely on cytological criteria, in which specific HPV and Gardnerella diagnostic tests were not used, the cytological smear is widely used in clinical practice and the data presented in this investigation show that there is an association between Gardnerella vaginalis and HPV infection. It remains to be established whether the microorganisms favor each other.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spmj
                Sao Paulo Medical Journal
                Sao Paulo Med. J.
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                2003
                : 121
                : 3
                : 128-132
                Affiliations
                [02] Rome orgnameIstituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) orgdiv1Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics orgdiv2Cytopathology Unit Italy
                [01] São Paulo orgnameMaternity Hospital Leonor Mendes de Barros orgdiv1State Health Department Brazil
                Article
                S1516-31802003000300009 S1516-3180(03)12100309
                10.1590/S1516-31802003000300009
                d9dc2dd5-7032-4546-bb00-a2b3a92d409d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 November 2002
                : 14 February 2002
                : 21 November 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Review article

                Cell cycle,Histona deacetilase,Genes supressores de tumor,Papilomavírus humano,Ciclo celular,Câncer cervical,Histone deacetylase,Tumor suppressor genes,Human papillomavirus,Cervical cancers

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