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      Prática baseada em evidências, aplicada ao raciocínio diagnóstico Translated title: Evidence-based practice applied to diagnostic reasoning Translated title: Práctica basada en evidencia aplicada en el raciocinio diagnóstico

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          Abstract

          As enfermeiras aplicam conhecimento, habilidades perceptuais e cognitivas para analisar dados dos pacientes e propor intervenções de enfermagem. Os resultados dessas intervenções dependem da adequação de sua proposição, o que, por sua vez, depende da acurácia das interpretações dos dados dos pacientes. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a aplicação de princípios da prática baseada em evidência (PBE) às decisões diagnósticas no cuidado de enfermagem, utilizando estudo de caso escrito. Os princípios da prática baseada em evidências, na definição do diagnóstico, são: a validade de um teste diagnóstico; a capacidade de o teste discriminar aqueles que apresentam uma resposta específica; a capacidade de o teste estimar a magnitude da resposta; e a adequação do teste diagnóstico ao contexto clínico. Lacunas no conhecimento de enfermagem limitam a aplicação dos princípios da PBE na avaliação clínica e no diagnóstico de enfermagem. As autoras apresentam uma estrutura para exemplificar o uso da PBE no raciocínio diagnóstico.

          Translated abstract

          Nurses apply knowledge, perceptual and cognitive skills to analyze patient data and propose nursing interventions. The interventions' outcomes depend on their appropriateness which, in turn, depends on the accuracy of nurses' interpretations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of evidenced-based practice (EBP) for nursing diagnostic reasoning, by means of a written case study. The principles of EBP in diagnostic reasoning are: validity of a diagnostic test; ability of a test to discriminate those who do or do not display a specific response; ability of a test to estimate the magnitude of a response; and the appropriateness of a diagnostic test within the clinical context. Gaps in nursing knowledge jeopardize the application of EBP principles in clinical nursing assessment and diagnosis. The authors present a framework to demonstrate the application of EBP to diagnostic reasoning.

          Translated abstract

          Las enfermeras aplican conocimientos, habilidades preceptivas y cognoscitivas para analizar los datos de los pacientes y proponer intervenciones de enfermería. Los resultados de esas intervenciones dependen del refinamiento de las preposiciones que, a su vez, depende del discernimiento de las interpretaciones de los datos de los pacientes. El propósito de este artículo es aplicar el modelo de la práctica basada en la evidencia (PBE) en el raciocinio diagnóstico, utilizando estudio de caso escrito. Los principios de la PBE en la definición del diagnóstico son: validad del test diagnóstico; la capacidad del test en estimar la magnitud de la respuesta; y la adecuación del test diagnóstico al contexto clínico. Lagunas en el conocimiento de enfermería limitan la aplicación de los principios de la PBE en la evaluación clínica y en el diagnóstico de enfermería. Las autoras presentan una estructura para ejemplificar el uso de la PBE en el raciocinio diagnóstico.

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          Most cited references27

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          The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study.

          We describe the functioning and well-being of patients with depression, relative to patients with chronic medical conditions or no chronic conditions. Data are from 11,242 outpatients in three health care provision systems in three US sites. Patients with either current depressive disorder or depressive symptoms in the absence of disorder tended to have worse physical, social, and role functioning, worse perceived current health, and greater bodily pain than did patients with no chronic conditions. The poor functioning uniquely associated with depressive symptoms, with or without depressive disorder, was comparable with or worse than that uniquely associated with eight major chronic medical conditions. For example, the unique association of days in bed with depressive symptoms was significantly greater than the comparable association with hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. Depression and chronic medical conditions had unique and additive effects on patient functioning.
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            Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines

            Background Although guidelines for critical appraisal of diagnostic research and meta-analyses have already been published, these may be difficult to understand for clinical researchers or do not provide enough detailed information. Methods Development of guidelines based on a systematic review of the evidence in reports of systematic searches of the literature for diagnostic research, of methodological criteria to evaluate diagnostic research, of methods for statistical pooling of data on diagnostic accuracy, and of methods for exploring heterogeneity. Results Guidelines for conducting diagnostic systematic reviews are presented in a stepwise fashion and are followed by comments providing further information. Examples are given using the results of two systematic reviews on the accuracy of the urine dipstick in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections, and on the accuracy of the straight-leg-raising test in the diagnosis of intervertebral disc hernia.
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              Screening for depression in primary care with two verbally asked questions: cross sectional study.

              To determine the diagnostic accuracy of two verbally asked questions for screening for depression. Cross sectional criterion standard validation study. 15 general practices in New Zealand. 421 consecutive patients not taking psychotropic drugs. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of the two questions compared with the computerised composite international diagnostic interview. The two screening questions showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97% (95% confidence interval, 83% to 99%) and 67% (62% to 72%), respectively. The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 2.9 (2.5 to 3.4) and the likelihood ratio for a negative test was 0.05 (0.01 to 0.35). Overall, 37% (157/421) of the patients screened positive for depression. Two verbally asked questions for screening for depression would detect most cases of depression in general practice. The questions have the advantage of brevity. As treatment is more likely when doctors make the diagnosis, these questions may have even greater utility.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo (, SP, Brazil )
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                June 2005
                : 13
                : 3
                : 415-422
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola de Enfermagem
                Article
                S0104-11692005000300017 S0104-1169(05)01300317
                10.1590/S0104-11692005000300017
                d9cd8e3b-033d-4864-a70c-2c9b4663b5ae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 December 2004
                : 31 May 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Revista de Enfermagem

                Categories
                Artigo de Revisão

                evidence-based medicine,toma de decisiones,medicina basada en evidencia,diagnóstico de enfermería,tomada de decisões,medicina baseada em evidências,diagnóstico de enfermagem,decision making,nursing diagnosis

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