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      Athlete anxiety questionnaire: the development and validation of a new questionnaire for assessing the anxiety, concentration and self-confidence of athletes

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Anxiety is one of the most prevalent issues among athletes. Therefore, measuring the stress caused by high-stakes situations could be important for investigating the issue. In sports psychology literature, no valid and reliable questionnaire is available in Hungarian for assessing the anxiety experienced by athletes in high-stakes situations. This study aimed to create a new Hungarian questionnaire to measure anxiety, self-confidence, and concentration during high-stakes contests.

          Methods

          263 athletes of various sports participated in the cross-sectional study (age: 16.18 ± 3.46 years). The structure of the Anxiety Athletes Questionnaire (AAQ) was examined through factor analysis, where exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were carried out. The internal consistency of the subscales of AAQ was measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Through a convergent validity test, the AAQ questionnaire was compared to the subscales of the CSAI-2 and ACSI-28 questionnaire subscales by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Through a discriminant validity analysis, the differences by age group, sex, and sport variables were examined by AAQ scores. The Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were utilized in the analysis. The SPSS 28.0 software was used for the statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

          Results

          Four factors have been identified through the EFA. The CFA analysis showed the four-factor model an acceptable model fit (SRMR, RMSEA CFI, TLI). Cronbach’s alpha of the four subscales showed acceptable internal consistency (cognitive anxiety: α = 0.871; somatic anxiety: α = 0.700; self-confidence: α = 0.832; concentration: α = 0.747). The convergent validity showed a weak or moderate, significant relationship between AAQ subscales and subscales of CSAI and ACSI (R = −0.398–0.412).

          Conclusion

          The Athlete Anxiety Questionnaire can be considered a reliable and valid measurement tool for measuring athletes’ anxiety, self-confidence and concentration in high-stakes situations.

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          Most cited references54

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          The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education

          Keith Taber (2018)
          Article 0 comments Cited 1693 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study

            Lidwine Mokkink, Caroline Terwee, Donald L Patrick … (2010)
            Background Aim of the COSMIN study (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments) was to develop a consensus-based checklist to evaluate the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties. We present the COSMIN checklist and the agreement of the panel on the items of the checklist. Methods A four-round Delphi study was performed with international experts (psychologists, epidemiologists, statisticians and clinicians). Of the 91 invited experts, 57 agreed to participate (63%). Panel members were asked to rate their (dis)agreement with each proposal on a five-point scale. Consensus was considered to be reached when at least 67% of the panel members indicated ‘agree’ or ‘strongly agree’. Results Consensus was reached on the inclusion of the following measurement properties: internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, content validity (including face validity), construct validity (including structural validity, hypotheses testing and cross-cultural validity), criterion validity, responsiveness, and interpretability. The latter was not considered a measurement property. The panel also reached consensus on how these properties should be assessed. Conclusions The resulting COSMIN checklist could be useful when selecting a measurement instrument, peer-reviewing a manuscript, designing or reporting a study on measurement properties, or for educational purposes.
            Article 0 comments Cited 775 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Sample size in factor analysis.

              Robert C. MacCallum, Keith F. Widaman, Shaobo Zhang … (1999)
              Article 0 comments Cited 540 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Melinda Trpkovici: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Ágnes Pálvölgyi: Role: Role:
                Alexandra Makai: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1663418/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Viktória Prémusz: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1936399/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Pongrác Ács: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/861298/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 December 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1306188
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary
                [2] 2Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary
                [3] 3Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre , Pécs, Hungary
                Author notes

                Edited by: Donatella Di Corrado, Kore University of Enna, Italy

                Reviewed by: Elena Mirela Samfira, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Romania; Stefania Mancone, University of Cassino, Italy

                *Correspondence: Viktória Prémusz, viktoria.premusz@ 123456pte.hu
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1306188
                PMC ID: 10773854
                PubMed ID: 38192388
                SO-VID: d9c60f16-8cdb-452f-b870-28dad0c96a8b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Trpkovici, Pálvölgyi, Makai, Prémusz and Ács.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 03 October 2023
                Date accepted : 23 November 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 9, Words: 6701
                Funding
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Project no. TKP-2021-EGA-10 has been implemented with support provided by the National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the TKP-2021-EGA funding scheme.
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Sport Psychology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: athlete anxiety questionnaire,sports psychology,self-confidence,concentration,sports stress
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: athlete anxiety questionnaire, sports psychology, self-confidence, concentration, sports stress

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