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      Actualización del Consenso "Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica" Primera parte: Aspectos diagnósticos Translated title: Update of the consensus document on ventilator-associated pneumonia: Part I. Diagnostic aspects

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          Abstract

          La estrategia óptima para diagnosticar pacientes con neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAVM), aún no ha sido definida y es necesario revisar periódicamente nueva evidencia acumulada. Se presenta en este documento una actualización del consenso desarrollado el 2001 sobre diagnóstico de NAVM organizado por la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología. Las principales recomendaciones actuales son: incorporar una estrategia basada en un enfoque microbiológico, cuando exista sospecha de NAVM, para recolectar datos epidemiológicos y así diseñar esquemas antimicrobianos apropiados para los futuros casos, y aplicar sistemas no invasores de estudio, los que facilitan su acceso y permiten reducir costos. Debido a que no existen ventajas en la sobrevida de los pacientes cuando se escogen estrategias de cultivos cuantitativos sobre los no cuantitativos, no se puede recomendar una modalidad sobre la otra. Sin embargo, los cultivos cuantitativos son más específicos y facilitan descartar el diagnóstico, busear otras alternativas y evitar el uso innecesario de antimicrobianos. No se recomienda el uso de bio-marcadores para apoyar el diagnóstico de N AVM debido a su bajo rendimiento. No obstante, el uso de determinaciones seriadas de procalcitonina ha sido útil para limitar el consumo de antimicrobianos en pacientes críticos y tiene un mejor rendimiento diagnóstico respecto a la proteína C reactiva. El consenso recomienda también discriminar los casos de traqueo-bronquitis asociada a VM que representa una entidad separada con un proceso inflamatorio, incluyendo secreciones purulentas pero sin nuevos infiltrados radiológicos. Aunque la información disponible apoya el beneficio de los antimicrobianos para tratar esta última condición, la evidencia es todavía parcial y ambas condiciones deben ser entendidas por separado.

          Translated abstract

          The best strategy to resolve the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is unsettled, and periodic reviews of new evidence are necessary. An update was performed to renew the 2001 recommendations on the diagnosis of this condition by The Chilean Society of Infectious Diseases. The main proposals are: to incorpórate a microbiology-based strategy when there is a suspicion of VAP to gather local epidemiologic data and design appropriate empirical therapy for next cases, and to apply a non-invasive approach such as an endotracheal aspirate or mini-bronchoalveolar lavage, to facilitate accessibility and lower costs. There is no advantage on survival using either quantitative or qualitative cultures for VAP and a definite recommendation cannot be issued. Nonetheless, quantitative cultures are more specific and could facilitate to reject the diagnosis, look for other alternatives, and avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Biomarkers to assist VAP diagnosis are not recommended due to their poor performance. However, serial procalcitonin determinations have been useful to decrease antibiotic use in critical care patients and this biomarker has a better diagnostic yield than C reactive protein in this setting. This consensus also recommends discriminating VAP from ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT). The latter represents a sepárate entity characterized by an inflammatory response with purulent tracheal secretions but without new pulmonary infiltrates. Although preliminary data supports a beneficial effect of antibiotics to treat this condition, evidence is limited yet, and both conditions deserve to be discriminated (VAP versus VAT).

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          Cutting edge: inflammatory responses can be triggered by TREM-1, a novel receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes.

          We have identified new activating receptors of the Ig superfamily expressed on human myeloid cells, called TREM (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells). TREM-1 is selectively expressed on blood neutrophils and a subset of monocytes and is up-regulated by bacterial LPS. Engagement of TREM-1 triggers secretion of IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and TNF-alpha and induces neutrophil degranulation. Intracellularly, TREM-1 induces Ca2+ mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1 (ERK1), ERK2 and phospholipase C-gamma. To mediate activation, TREM-1 associates with the transmembrane adapter molecule DAP12. Thus, TREM-1 mediates activation of neutrophil and monocytes, and may have a predominant role in inflammatory responses.
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            Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Procalcitonin is widely reported as a useful biochemical marker to differentiate sepsis from other non-infectious causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In this systematic review, we estimated the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin in sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients. 18 studies were included in the review. Overall, the diagnostic performance of procalcitonin was low, with mean values of both sensitivity and specificity being 71% (95% CI 67-76) and an area under the summary receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.78 (95% CI 0.73-0.83). Studies were grouped into phase 2 studies (n=14) and phase 3 studies (n=4) by use of Sackett and Haynes' classification. Phase 2 studies had a low pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 7.79 (95% CI 5.86-10.35). Phase 3 studies showed significant heterogeneity because of variability in sample size (meta-regression coefficient -0.592, p=0.017), with diagnostic performance upwardly biased in smaller studies, but moving towards a null effect in larger studies. Procalcitonin cannot reliably differentiate sepsis from other non-infectious causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in critically ill adult patients. The findings from this study do not lend support to the widespread use of the procalcitonin test in critical care settings.
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              Procalcitonin as a diagnostic test for sepsis in critically ill adults and after surgery or trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              To quantify the accuracy of serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic test for sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock in adults in intensive care units or after surgery or trauma, alone and compared with C-reactive protein. To draw and compare the summary receiver operating characteristics curves for procalcitonin and C-reactive protein from the literature. MEDLINE (keywords: procalcitonin, intensive care, sepsis, postoperative sepsis, trauma); screening of the literature. Meta-analysis of all 49 published studies in medical, surgical, or polyvalent intensive care units or postoperative wards. Children, medical patients, and immunocompromised patients were excluded. Thirty-three studies fulfilled inclusion criteria (3,943 patients, 1,828 males, 922 females; mean age: 56.1 yrs; 1,825 patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock; 1,545 with only systemic inflammatory response syndrome); eight studies could not be analyzed statistically. Global mortality rate was 29.3%. Global odds ratios for diagnosis of infection complicated by systemic inflammation were 15.7 for the 25 studies (2,966 patients) using procalcitonin (95% confidence interval, 9.1-27.1) and 5.4 for the 15 studies (1,322 patients) using C-reactive protein (95% confidence interval, 3.2-9.2). The summary receiver operating characteristics curve for procalcitonin was better than for C-reactive protein. In the 15 studies using both markers, the Q* value (intersection of summary receiver operating characteristics curve with the diagonal line where sensitivity equals specificity) was significantly higher for procalcitonin than for C-reactive protein (0.78 vs. 0.71, p = .02), the former test showing better accuracy. Procalcitonin represents a good biological diagnostic marker for sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock, difficult diagnoses in critically ill patients. Procalcitonin is superior to C-reactive protein. Procalcitonin should be included in diagnostic guidelines for sepsis and in clinical practice in intensive care units.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rci
                Revista chilena de infectología
                Rev. chil. infectol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Infectología (Santiago, , Chile )
                0716-1018
                April 2011
                : 28
                : 2
                : 130-151
                Affiliations
                [03] Santiago orgnameClínica Las Condes orgdiv1Laboratorio de Microbiología Chile
                [01] orgnameHospital Militar de Santiago orgdiv1Servicio de Infectología y Unidad de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias Chile
                [02] orgnameHospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile orgdiv1Comité de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias Chile
                Article
                S0716-10182011000200005 S0716-1018(11)02800205
                10.4067/S0716-10182011000200005
                d986c390-bb56-4ba6-87ee-142bf01c5e7e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 116, Pages: 22
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                SciELO Chile

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                DOCUMENTOS

                guía clínica,Diagnóstico,neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica,ventilator-associated pneumonia,guidelines,Diagnosis

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