Descriptive Body Composition Profile in Female Olympic Volleyball Medalists Defined Using Multichannel Bioimpedance Measurement: Rio 2016 Team Case Study

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Abstract

SUMMARY: The subject of this paper was the study of the morphological status of top elite women volleyball players, Rio 2016 Olympic medal winners, with the aim of obtaining reliable quantitative data, used to determine the morphological model and to control the morphological status of top elite women volleyball players. This study tested 12 top elite women volleyball players who participated in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games and won the silver medal. Measurements of body composition were conducted one day before departing for the Rio Olympic Games, on 25th June, 2016, using electrical bioimpendance analysis (BIA), with the InBody 720 Tetrapolar 8-Point Tactile Electrode System analyzer. The study included 29 variables: 17 original variables, four voluminosity-dependent variables, six longitudinality-dependent variables, and two combined index variables. The results showed that average height of the women players was 188.93±6.49 cm, the overall mean BM value for the Serbian team was 75.56±6.97, the overall mean BMI value for the team was 21.08±1.30 kg•m-2, while the mean values for percent skeletal muscles and body mass were 48.95±1.78 % and 13.43±2.70 %, respectively. Upon a thorough analysis of the results of the study, it can be argued that in all measured anthropomorphological characteristics the top elite women volleyball players from the tested sample had a body type of remarkable basic longitudinality, i.e., BH, and a body composition mainly characterized by very high muscle mass but such a low amount of body fat that it bordered on the biological minimum for women.

Translated abstract

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el estado morfológico de las jugadoras de voleibol de élite, ganadoras de la medalla olímpica Rio 2016 y obtener datos cuantitativos confiables para determinar el modelo morfológico y controlar el estado morfológico de las mejores jugadoras de voleibol de elite. Este estudio estudió a 12 jugadoras de voleibol de élite que participaron en los Juegos Olímpicos de Rio 2016 y ganaron la medalla de plata. Las mediciones de la composición corporal se realizaron un día antes de partir para los Juegos Olímpicos de Río, el 25 de junio del año 2016. Se realizó un análisis de bioimpedancia eléctrica (ABI), con el analizador de sistema de electrodos táctiles Tetrapolar 720 de 8 puntos. El estudio incluyó 29 variables: 17 variables originales, cuatro variables dependientes de voluminosidad, seis variables dependientes de la longitud y dos variables de índice combinadas. Los resultados mostraron que la estatura promedio de las jugadoras fue de 188,93 ± 6,49 cm, el valor medio general de MC para el equipo serbio fue de 75,56 ± 6,97, el valor medio total de IMC para el equipo fue de 21,08 ± 1,30 kg • m-2, mientras que los valores medios para el porcentaje de músculos esqueléticos y la masa corporal fueron 48.95 ± 1.78 % y 13.43 ± 2.70 %, respectivamente. Tras un análisis exhaustivo de los resultados del estudio, se puede argumentar que en todas las características antropomorfológicas medidas, las jugadoras de élite de voleibol femenino, de la muestra analizada, tenían un tipo corporal de notable longitudinalidad básica, por ejemplo, AC y una composición corporal caracterizada principalmente por una masa muscular muy alta, pero una cantidad tan baja de grasa corporal que limita con el mínimo biológico para las mujeres.

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Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission.

Timothy Ackland, Timothy G Lohman, Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen … (2012)

Quantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or 'gold standard' methodology for body composition assessment. Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of fat-free mass in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the body mass index) remain useful.

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Reference Values for Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements in Athletes

Diana A. Santos, John Dawson, Catarina N. Matias … (2014)

Background Despite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes. Methods Body weight and height were measured in 898 athletes (264 female, 634 male), anthropometric variables were assessed in 798 athletes (240 female and 558 male), and in 481 athletes (142 female and 339 male) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 21 different sports were represented. Reference percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th) were calculated for each measured value, stratified by sex and sport. Because sample sizes within a sport were often very low for some outcomes, the percentiles were estimated using a parametric, empirical Bayesian framework that allowed sharing information across sports. Results We derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following DXA outcomes: total (whole body scan) and regional (subtotal, trunk, and appendicular) bone mineral content, bone mineral density, absolute and percentage fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean soft tissue. Additionally, we derived reference percentiles for height-normalized indexes by dividing fat mass, fat-free mass, and appendicular lean soft tissue by height squared. We also derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following anthropometry outcomes: weight, height, body mass index, sum of skinfold thicknesses (7 skinfolds, appendicular skinfolds, trunk skinfolds, arm skinfolds, and leg skinfolds), circumferences (hip, arm, midthigh, calf, and abdominal circumferences), and muscle circumferences (arm, thigh, and calf muscle circumferences). Conclusions These reference percentiles will be a helpful tool for sports professionals, in both clinical and field settings, for body composition assessment in athletes.