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      Effects of CPAP-respiration on markers of glucose metabolism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis Translated title: Effekte einer CPAP-Therapie auf Marker des Glukosestoffwechsels bei Patienten mit obstruktivem Schlafapnoe-Syndrom: ein systematischer Review mit Metaanalyse

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          Abstract

          Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) is a condition of obstruction, apneas and arousals while sleeping. It has been suggested that OSAS independently influences glucose metabolism. The main treatment for OSAS is continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP).

          Objectives: To assess the effects of CPAP on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism.

          Search strategy: We searched Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register (January 2010).

          Selection criteria: We included randomised and non-randomised trials comparing CPAP with inactive control or placebo CPAP in adults with OSAS.

          Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Parallel and crossover group trials were analysed separately. A meta-analysis was carried out.

          Results: Three parallel group and two cross-over randomised trials and one controlled trial were included investigating 296 participants. Sample sizes ranged from n=13 to n=102 participants, age was 18 to 75 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 27.2 kg/m² to 37.1 kg/m², mean apnoe hypopnoe index (AHI) 29.7 to 39.7 events per hour, mean dips >4% in arterial oxygen saturation per hour of sleep 1 to 42.7 events. The studies’ methodological quality varied. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 12 weeks. Various endpoints were investigated. CPAP did neither influence plasma insulin levels nor HOMA-index, adiponectin levels or HbA1c value. One study reported a significant positive effect on the insulin sensitivity index (1.68%/min, 95% CI 0.3 to 3.06).

          Conclusion: This systematic review does not support the hypothesis that OSAS independently influences glucose metabolism. Sufficiently powered, long-term randomised controlled trials defining changes of insulin resistance as primary endpoint are needed.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund: Das Obstruktive Schlafapnoe-Syndrom (OSAS) ist durch wiederholte Apnoen mit nachfolgenden Weckreaktionen während des Schlafes gekennzeichnet. Es wird vermutet, dass obstruktive Schlafapnoen einen unabhängigen Einfluss auf den Glukosestoffwechsel haben. Leitlinien empfehlen die kontinuierliche Überdruckbeatmung (CPAP) zur Behandlung des OSAS.

          Ziel: Systematische Sichtung und kritische Beurteilung klinischer Studien zu den Effekten einer CPAP-Beatmung auf Marker der Insulinresistenz und des Glukosestoffwechsels.

          Suchstrategie: Die Suche erfolgte in den Datenbanken Medline, Embase und dem Cochrane Controlled Trial Register. Der Suchzeitraum erstreckte sich bis Januar 2010.

          Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien: Eingeschlossen wurden randomisiert-kontrollierte und klinische kontrollierte Interventionsstudien, die eine CPAP-Therapie mit einer Placebo CPAP-Therapie oder einer nicht behandelten Kontrollgruppe bei Patienten mit OSAS verglichen hatten.

          Datensammlung und Analyse: Zwei Autoren extrahierten die Daten unabhängig voneinander und beurteilten das Risiko für methodische Verzerrungen der eingeschlossenen Studien. In der Metaanalyse wurden Parallelgruppen- und Crossover-Studien getrennt voneinander analysiert.

          Ergebnisse: Sechs Studien mit insgesamt 296 Probanden konnten eingeschlossen werden. Die Studien untersuchen 13 bis 102 Teilnehmer im Alter von 18 bis 75 Jahren. Der mittlere Body-Mass-Index (BMI) der Studienteilnehmer beträgt 27,2 kg/m² bis 37,1 kg/m², der mittlere Apnoe-Hypopnoe-Index (AHI) 29,7 bis 39,7 Ereignisse/Stunde, der mittlere Abfall der arteriellen Sauerstoffsättigung >4% pro Stunde beträgt 1 bis 42,7 Ereignisse. Die Nachbeobachtungszeit der Studien umfasst vier bis zwölf Wochen. Die methodische Qualität der Studien ist unterschiedlich. Vier der fünf randomisiert-kontrollierten Studien verwendeten ein doppelblindes Design; eine verdeckte Zuteilung zur jeweiligen Behandlungsgruppe ist lediglich in zwei Studien beschrieben. Eine Poweranalyse zur Fallzahlenkalkulation sowie ein Intention-to-Treat-Analyse zur adäquaten Nachbeobachtung wurde in drei der fünf Studien durchgeführt.

          Das Poolen der Daten zeigte, dass eine CPAP-Therapie weder die Plasmainsulinspiegel, noch den Homaindex, die Adiponektinspiegel oder die HbA1c-Werte beeinflusst. Eine Studie berichtete über einen signifikant positiven Effekt der CPAP-Therapie auf den Insulinsensitivitätsindex (1,68%/min, 95% CI 0,3–3,06).

          Schlussfolgerung: Das vorliegende systematische Review unterstützt nicht die Hypothese, dass die CPAP-Therapie einen unabhängigen Einfluss auf den Glukosestoffwechsel hat. Qualitativ hochwertige Studien mit primärem Endpunkt Insulinresistenz, ausreichend langer Nachbeobachtungszeit und adäquater Stichprobe stehen aus.

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          The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults.

          Limited data have suggested that sleep-disordered breathing, a condition of repeated episodes of apnea and hypopnea during sleep, is prevalent among adults. Data from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of the natural history of cardiopulmonary disorders of sleep, were used to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing among adults and address its importance to the public health. A random sample of 602 employed men and women 30 to 60 years old were studied by overnight polysomnography to determine the frequency of episodes of apnea and hypopnea per hour of sleep (the apnea-hypopnea score). We measured the age- and sex-specific prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in this group using three cutoff points for the apnea-hypopnea score (> or = 5, > or = 10, and > or = 15); we used logistic regression to investigate risk factors. The estimated prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing, defined as an apnea-hypopnea score of 5 or higher, was 9 percent for women and 24 percent for men. We estimated that 2 percent of women and 4 percent of men in the middle-aged work force meet the minimal diagnostic criteria for the sleep apnea syndrome (an apnea-hypopnea score of 5 or higher and daytime hypersomnolence). Male sex and obesity were strongly associated with the presence of sleep-disordered breathing. Habitual snorers, both men and women, tended to have a higher prevalence of apnea-hypopnea scores of 15 or higher. The prevalence of undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing is high among men and is much higher than previously suspected among women. Undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing is associated with daytime hypersomnolence.
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            Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

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              Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: a population-based study.

              Cross-sectional association has been reported between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and insulin resistance, but no prospective studies have been performed to determine whether SDB is causal in the development of diabetes. The purpose of our study was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of type II diabetes in subjects with SDB and whether an independent relationship exists between them. A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis was performed in 1,387 participants of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. Full polysomnography was used to characterize SDB. Diabetes was defined in two ways: (1) physician-diagnosis alone or (2) for those with glucose measurements, either fasting glucose > or = 126 mg/dl or physician diagnosis. There was a greater prevalence of diabetes in subjects with increasing levels of SDB. A total of 14.7% of subjects with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 15 or more had a diagnosis of diabetes compared with 2.8% of subjects with an AHI of less than 5. The odds ratio for having a physician diagnoses of diabetes mellitus with an AHI of 15 or greater versus an AHI of less than 5 was 2.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.28-4.11; p = 0.005) after adjustment for age, sex, and body habitus. The odds ratio for developing diabetes mellitus within 4 yr with an AHI of 15 or more compared with an AHI of less than 5 was 1.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-3.65; p = 0.24) when adjusting for age, sex, and body habitus. Diabetes is more prevalent in SDB and this relationship is independent of other risk factors. However, it is not clear that SDB is causal in the development of diabetes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ger Med Sci
                GMS Ger Med Sci
                GMS German Medical Science
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1612-3174
                08 August 2011
                2011
                : 9
                : Doc20
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sana Hospital Oldenburg, Diabetes Center, Oldenburg, Germany
                [2 ]University of Witten/Herdecke, Faculty of Health, Department of Nursing Science, Witten, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Lars Hecht, Sana Hospital Oldenburg, Diabetes Center, Mühlenkamp 5, 23758 Oldenburg in Holstein, Germany, Phone:+49 04361/513-130, Fax:+49 04361/513-633, E-mail: l.hecht@ 123456sana-oh.de
                Article
                000143 Doc20 urn:nbn:de:0183-0001437
                10.3205/000143
                3158650
                21863134
                d8e053cc-8c3b-4b42-88c4-64cd0798694b
                Copyright © 2011 Hecht et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 24 May 2011
                : 13 July 2011
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                obstructive sleep apnea,diabetes mellitus type 2,insulin resistance,continuous positive airway pressure,meta-analysis

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