Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle

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Sleep and the price of plasticity: from synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration.

Giulio Tononi, Chiara Cirelli (2014)

Sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and its loss impairs cognition. But why does the brain need to disconnect from the environment for hours every day? The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) proposes that sleep is the price the brain pays for plasticity. During a waking episode, learning statistical regularities about the current environment requires strengthening connections throughout the brain. This increases cellular needs for energy and supplies, decreases signal-to-noise ratios, and saturates learning. During sleep, spontaneous activity renormalizes net synaptic strength and restores cellular homeostasis. Activity-dependent down-selection of synapses can also explain the benefits of sleep on memory acquisition, consolidation, and integration. This happens through the offline, comprehensive sampling of statistical regularities incorporated in neuronal circuits over a lifetime. This Perspective considers the rationale and evidence for SHY and points to open issues related to sleep and plasticity. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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AMPARs and synaptic plasticity: the last 25 years.

Richard Huganir, Roger A Nicoll (2013)

The study of synaptic plasticity and specifically LTP and LTD is one of the most active areas of research in neuroscience. In the last 25 years we have come a long way in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. In 1988, AMPA and NMDA receptors were not even molecularly identified and we only had a simple model of the minimal requirements for the induction of plasticity. It is now clear that the modulation of the AMPA receptor function and membrane trafficking is critical for many forms of synaptic plasticity and a large number of proteins have been identified that regulate this complex process. Here we review the progress over the last two and a half decades and discuss the future challenges in the field. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The log-dynamic brain: how skewed distributions affect network operations.

György Buzsáki, Kenji Mizuseki (2014)

We often assume that the variables of functional and structural brain parameters - such as synaptic weights, the firing rates of individual neurons, the synchronous discharge of neural populations, the number of synaptic contacts between neurons and the size of dendritic boutons - have a bell-shaped distribution. However, at many physiological and anatomical levels in the brain, the distribution of numerous parameters is in fact strongly skewed with a heavy tail, suggesting that skewed (typically lognormal) distributions are fundamental to structural and functional brain organization. This insight not only has implications for how we should collect and analyse data, it may also help us to understand how the different levels of skewed distributions - from synapses to cognition - are related to each other.

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Title: Science

Abbreviated Title: Science

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

ISSN (Print): 0036-8075

ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203

Publication date Created: February 02 2017

Publication date (Print): February 02 2017

Volume: 355

Issue: 6324

Pages: 507-510

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DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5982

PMC ID: 5313037

PubMed ID: 28154076

SO-VID: d8c97a50-fdf6-4d50-adea-811028c49a0f

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Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle

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Beyond the Snore: Comprehensive Studies on Sleep Apnea

Most cited references 32

Sleep and the price of plasticity: from synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration.

AMPARs and synaptic plasticity: the last 25 years.

The log-dynamic brain: how skewed distributions affect network operations.

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