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      Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment

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          Abstract

          The effects of soil type and organic material quality on the microbial biomass and functional diversity of cropland soils were studied in a transplant experiment in the same climate during a 1-year field experiment. Six organic materials (WS: wheat straw, CS: corn straw, WR: wheat root, CR: corn root, PM: pig manure, CM: cattle manure), and three contrasting soils (Ferralic Cambisol, Calcaric Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem) were chosen. At two time points (at the end of the 1st and 12th months), soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (MBC and MBN) and Biolog Ecoplate substrate use patterns were determined, and the average well color development and the microbial functional diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh indices) were calculated. Organic material quality explained 29.5–50.9% of the variance in MBC and MBN when compared with the minor role of soil type (1.4–9.3%) at the end of the 1st and 12th months, and C/N ratio and total N of organic material were the main parameters. Soil properties, e.g., organic C and clay content were the predominant influence on microbial functional diversity in particular at the end of the 12th month (61.8–82.8% of the variance explained). The treatments of WS and CS significantly improved the MBC and microbial functional diversity indices over the control in the three soils in both sampling periods ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that the application of crop straw is a long-term effective measure to increase microbial biomass, and can further induce the changes of soil properties to regulate soil microbial community.

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          The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities.

          For centuries, biologists have studied patterns of plant and animal diversity at continental scales. Until recently, similar studies were impossible for microorganisms, arguably the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth. Here, we present a continental-scale description of soil bacterial communities and the environmental factors influencing their biodiversity. We collected 98 soil samples from across North and South America and used a ribosomal DNA-fingerprinting method to compare bacterial community composition and diversity quantitatively across sites. Bacterial diversity was unrelated to site temperature, latitude, and other variables that typically predict plant and animal diversity, and community composition was largely independent of geographic distance. The diversity and richness of soil bacterial communities differed by ecosystem type, and these differences could largely be explained by soil pH (r(2) = 0.70 and r(2) = 0.58, respectively; P < 0.0001 in both cases). Bacterial diversity was highest in neutral soils and lower in acidic soils, with soils from the Peruvian Amazon the most acidic and least diverse in our study. Our results suggest that microbial biogeography is controlled primarily by edaphic variables and differs fundamentally from the biogeography of "macro" organisms.
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            The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?

            The decomposition and transformation of above- and below-ground plant detritus (litter) is the main process by which soil organic matter (SOM) is formed. Yet, research on litter decay and SOM formation has been largely uncoupled, failing to provide an effective nexus between these two fundamental processes for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and storage. We present the current understanding of the importance of microbial substrate use efficiency and C and N allocation in controlling the proportion of plant-derived C and N that is incorporated into SOM, and of soil matrix interactions in controlling SOM stabilization. We synthesize this understanding into the Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework. This framework leads to the hypothesis that labile plant constituents are the dominant source of microbial products, relative to input rates, because they are utilized more efficiently by microbes. These microbial products of decomposition would thus become the main precursors of stable SOM by promoting aggregation and through strong chemical bonding to the mineral soil matrix. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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              Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation-extraction—an automated procedure

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                13 September 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 9
                : e0203812
                Affiliations
                [1 ] National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
                [2 ] Qiyang Agro-ecosystem of National Field Experimental Station, Hunan, China
                Old Dominion University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-0633
                Article
                PONE-D-18-07409
                10.1371/journal.pone.0203812
                6136761
                30212559
                d8743843-5d4d-438b-ac95-5d3080e9ecba
                © 2018 Li et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 9 March 2018
                : 28 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 5, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41571298
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: International (Regional) Joint Research Program
                Award ID: 41620104006
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571298), and the International (Regional) Joint Research Program (41620104006). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Organic Materials
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agricultural Soil Science
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Soil Science
                Agricultural Soil Science
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Shannon Index
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Shannon Index
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Simpson Index
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Simpson Index
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agronomy
                Plant Products
                Straw
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Plant Products
                Straw
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Crops
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Model Organisms
                Maize
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Model Organisms
                Maize
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Maize
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Plant and Algal Models
                Maize
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Wheat
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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                Uncategorized

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