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      Seven Tesla MRI in Alzheimer's disease research: State of the art and future directions: A narrative review

      review-article
      Author(s): * ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: AIMS Neuroscience
      Publisher: AIMS Press
      Keywords: MRI, 7T, ultra-high field, Alzheimer, dementia

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          Abstract

          Seven tesla magnetic resonance imaging (7T MRI) is known to offer a superior spatial resolution and a signal-to-noise ratio relative to any other non-invasive imaging technique and provides the possibility for neuroimaging researchers to observe disease-related structural changes, which were previously only apparent on post-mortem tissue analyses. Alzheimer's disease is a natural and widely used subject for this technology since the 7T MRI allows for the anticipation of disease progression, the evaluation of secondary prevention measures thought to modify the disease trajectory, and the identification of surrogate markers for treatment outcome. In this editorial, we discuss the various neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease that have been studied using 7T MRI, which include morphological alterations, molecular characterization of cerebral T2*-weighted hypointensities, the evaluation of cerebral microbleeds and microinfarcts, biochemical changes studied with MR spectroscopy, as well as some other approaches. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the 7T MRI regarding imaging Alzheimer's disease and we provide our outlook for the future.

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          The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

          Guy M McKhann, David S. Knopman, Howard Chertkow … (2011)
          The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of revising the 1984 criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. The workgroup sought to ensure that the revised criteria would be flexible enough to be used by both general healthcare providers without access to neuropsychological testing, advanced imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid measures, and specialized investigators involved in research or in clinical trial studies who would have these tools available. We present criteria for all-cause dementia and for AD dementia. We retained the general framework of probable AD dementia from the 1984 criteria. On the basis of the past 27 years of experience, we made several changes in the clinical criteria for the diagnosis. We also retained the term possible AD dementia, but redefined it in a manner more focused than before. Biomarker evidence was also integrated into the diagnostic formulations for probable and possible AD dementia for use in research settings. The core clinical criteria for AD dementia will continue to be the cornerstone of the diagnosis in clinical practice, but biomarker evidence is expected to enhance the pathophysiological specificity of the diagnosis of AD dementia. Much work lies ahead for validating the biomarker diagnosis of AD dementia. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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            The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.

            Martin Prince, Renata Bryce, Emiliano Albanese … (2013)
            The evidence base on the prevalence of dementia is expanding rapidly, particularly in countries with low and middle incomes. A reappraisal of global prevalence and numbers is due, given the significant implications for social and public policy and planning. In this study we provide a systematic review of the global literature on the prevalence of dementia (1980-2009) and metaanalysis to estimate the prevalence and numbers of those affected, aged ≥60 years in 21 Global Burden of Disease regions. Age-standardized prevalence for those aged ≥60 years varied in a narrow band, 5%-7% in most world regions, with a higher prevalence in Latin America (8.5%), and a distinctively lower prevalence in the four sub-Saharan African regions (2%-4%). It was estimated that 35.6 million people lived with dementia worldwide in 2010, with numbers expected to almost double every 20 years, to 65.7 million in 2030 and 115.4 million in 2050. In 2010, 58% of all people with dementia lived in countries with low or middle incomes, with this proportion anticipated to rise to 63% in 2030 and 71% in 2050. The detailed estimates in this study constitute the best current basis for policymaking, planning, and allocation of health and welfare resources in dementia care. The age-specific prevalence of dementia varies little between world regions, and may converge further. Future projections of numbers of people with dementia may be modified substantially by preventive interventions (lowering incidence), improvements in treatment and care (prolonging survival), and disease-modifying interventions (preventing or slowing progression). All countries need to commission nationally representative surveys that are repeated regularly to monitor trends. Copyright © 2013 The Alzheimer's Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade.

              Clifford R. Jack, David S. Knopman, William Jagust … (2010)
              Currently available evidence strongly supports the position that the initiating event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is related to abnormal processing of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide, ultimately leading to formation of Abeta plaques in the brain. This process occurs while individuals are still cognitively normal. Biomarkers of brain beta-amyloidosis are reductions in CSF Abeta(42) and increased amyloid PET tracer retention. After a lag period, which varies from patient to patient, neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration become the dominant pathological processes. Biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration are increased CSF tau and structural MRI measures of cerebral atrophy. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by synaptic dysfunction, which is indicated by decreased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on PET. We propose a model that relates disease stage to AD biomarkers in which Abeta biomarkers become abnormal first, before neurodegenerative biomarkers and cognitive symptoms, and neurodegenerative biomarkers become abnormal later, and correlate with clinical symptom severity. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): AIMS Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): AIMS Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): neurosci
                Title: AIMS Neuroscience
                Publisher: AIMS Press
                ISSN (Print): 2373-8006
                ISSN (Electronic): 2373-7972
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 December 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 401-422
                Affiliations
                [1] Faculty of Medicine, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: neurosci-10-04-030
                DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2023030
                PMC ID: 10767068
                SO-VID: d737f6fb-2a97-43e9-808b-e67172574405
                Copyright © © 2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

                History
                Date received : 27 July 2023
                Date revision received : 29 November 2023
                Date accepted : 4 December 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: mri,7t,ultra-high field,alzheimer,dementia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: mri, 7t, ultra-high field, alzheimer, dementia

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