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      Recent Advances in Recovery of Lycopene from Tomato Waste: A Potent Antioxidant with Endless Benefits

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          Abstract

          Growing attention to environmental protection leads food industries to adopt a model of “circular economy” applying safe and sustainable technologies to recover, recycle and valorize by-products. Therefore, by-products become raw material for other industries. Tomato processing industry produces significant amounts of by-products, consisting of skins and seeds. Tomato skin is very rich in lycopene, and from its seeds, high nutritional oil can be extracted. Alternative use of the two fractions not only could cut disposal costs but also allow one to extract bioactive compounds and an oil with a high nutritional value. This review focused on the recent advance in extraction of lycopene, whose beneficial effects on health are widely recognized.

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          Carotenoids as natural functional pigments

          Carotenoids are tetraterpene pigments that are distributed in photosynthetic bacteria, some species of archaea and fungi, algae, plants, and animals. About 850 naturally occurring carotenoids had been reported up until 2018. Photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants can synthesize carotenoids de novo. Carotenoids are essential pigments in photosynthetic organs along with chlorophylls. Carotenoids also act as photo-protectors, antioxidants, color attractants, and precursors of plant hormones in non-photosynthetic organs of plants. Animals cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, and so those found in animals are either directly accumulated from food or partly modified through metabolic reactions. So, animal carotenoids show structural diversity. Carotenoids in animals play important roles such precursors of vitamin A, photo-protectors, antioxidants, enhancers of immunity, and contributors to reproduction. In the present review, I describe the structural diversity, function, biosyntheses, and metabolism of natural carotenoids.
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            Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants

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              Effect of ultrasound on the technological properties and bioactivity of food: a review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                26 July 2021
                August 2021
                : 26
                : 15
                : 4495
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy; valentinanoemi.madia@ 123456gmail.com (V.N.M.); davide.ialongo@ 123456uniroma1.it (D.I.); valeria.tudino@ 123456uniroma1.it (V.T.); alessandro.deleo@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.D.L.); luigi.scipione@ 123456uniroma1.it (L.S.); roberto.disanto@ 123456uniroma1.it (R.D.S.); antonella.messore@ 123456uniroma1.it (A.M.)
                [2 ]Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy; daniela.devita@ 123456uniroma1.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: roberta.costi@ 123456uniroma1.it ; Tel.: +39-064969-3247
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-2936
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-7217
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-7005
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4279-7666
                Article
                molecules-26-04495
                10.3390/molecules26154495
                8347341
                34361654
                d6ff76b3-092d-4d6b-85ac-f3ce60adc514
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 June 2021
                : 23 July 2021
                Categories
                Review

                lycopene,carotenoids,food waste,nutraceuticals,supercritical fluid extraction,pulsed electric fields treatment,enzyme-assisted extraction,ultrasonic-assisted extraction,microwave-assisted extraction

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