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      A comparative study of the osteogenic performance between the hierarchical micro/submicro-textured 3D-printed Ti6Al4V surface and the SLA surface

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          Abstract

          Three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium and its alloys have broad application prospect in the field of biomedical implant materials, although the biological performance of the original surface should be improved. Learning from the development experience of conventional titanium implants, to construct a hierarchical hybrid topological surface is the future direction of efforts. Since the original 3D-printed (3D hereafter) Ti6Al4V surface inherently has micron-scale features, in the present study, we introduced submicron-scale pits on the original surface by acid etching to obtain a hierarchical micro/submicro-textured surface. The characteristic and biological performance of the 3D-printed and acid-etched (3DA hereafter) surface were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, compared with the conventional sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA hereafter) surface. Our results suggested the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs), as well as the in vivo osseointegration on 3DA surfaces were significantly improved. However, the overall osteogenic performance of the 3DA surface was not as good as the conventional SLA surface.

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          Highlights

          • Hierarchical micro/submicro-textured 3D-printed Ti6Al4V surface was fabricated.

          • Osteogenic performance in vitro and in vivo was enhanced after acid etching.

          • A gap existed between the hierarchical 3D-printed surface and the SLA surface.

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          Most cited references38

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          Additive manufacturing. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects.

          Additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing use time-consuming, stepwise layer-by-layer approaches to object fabrication. We demonstrate the continuous generation of monolithic polymeric parts up to tens of centimeters in size with feature resolution below 100 micrometers. Continuous liquid interface production is achieved with an oxygen-permeable window below the ultraviolet image projection plane, which creates a "dead zone" (persistent liquid interface) where photopolymerization is inhibited between the window and the polymerizing part. We delineate critical control parameters and show that complex solid parts can be drawn out of the resin at rates of hundreds of millimeters per hour. These print speeds allow parts to be produced in minutes instead of hours.
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            Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone.

            Detailed descriptions of the structural features of bone abound in the literature; however, the mechanical properties of bone, in particular those at the micro- and nano-structural level, remain poorly understood. This paper surveys the mechanical data that are available, with an emphasis on the relationship between the complex hierarchical structure of bone and its mechanical properties. Attempts to predict the mechanical properties of bone by applying composite rule of mixtures formulae have been only moderately successful, making it clear that an accurate model should include the molecular interactions or physical mechanisms involved in transfer of load across the bone material subunits. Models of this sort cannot be constructed before more information is available about the interactions between the various organic and inorganic components. Therefore, further investigations of mechanical properties at the 'materials level', in addition to the studies at the 'structural level' are needed to fill the gap in our present knowledge and to achieve a complete understanding of the mechanical properties of bone.
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              3D bioprinting for biomedical devices and tissue engineering: A review of recent trends and advances

              3D printing, an additive manufacturing based technology for precise 3D construction, is currently widely employed to enhance applicability and function of cell laden scaffolds. Research on novel compatible biomaterials for bioprinting exhibiting fast crosslinking properties is an essential prerequisite toward advancing 3D printing applications in tissue engineering. Printability to improve fabrication process and cell encapsulation are two of the main factors to be considered in development of 3D bioprinting. Other important factors include but are not limited to printing fidelity, stability, crosslinking time, biocompatibility, cell encapsulation and proliferation, shear-thinning properties, and mechanical properties such as mechanical strength and elasticity. In this review, we recite recent promising advances in bioink development as well as bioprinting methods. Also, an effort has been made to include studies with diverse types of crosslinking methods such as photo, chemical and ultraviolet (UV). We also propose the challenges and future outlook of 3D bioprinting application in medical sciences and discuss the high performance bioinks.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Bioact Mater
                Bioact Mater
                Bioactive Materials
                KeAi Publishing
                2452-199X
                09 January 2020
                March 2020
                09 January 2020
                : 5
                : 1
                : 9-16
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, 200072, China
                [b ]Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
                [c ]School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. lklecnu@ 123456aliyun.com
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. 13681746901@ 123456126.com
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author. xudongwang70@ 123456hotmail.com
                [1]

                Co-first authors.

                Article
                S2452-199X(19)30076-3
                10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.008
                6956677
                31956731
                d6e7730e-32de-42f3-b4dc-f5874c20a212
                © 2020 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 2 December 2019
                : 28 December 2019
                : 28 December 2019
                Categories
                Article

                3d printing,ti6al4v,surface modification,osteogenesis,sla
                3d printing, ti6al4v, surface modification, osteogenesis, sla

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