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      Is Open Access

      Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit, Part 2: Characterization of orbital pathologies

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          Abstract

          In this article we focus on a systematic approach to assess common orbital lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The identification of the probable compartment or structure of origin helps narrow the differential diagnosis of a lesion. Analyzing the morphology, appearance, and signal intensity on various sequences, the pattern, and degree of contrast enhancement are key to characterize lesions on MRI. Imaging features suggesting cellularity and vascularity can also be determined to help plan for biopsy or surgery of these lesions. MRI can also distinguish active from chronic disease in certain pathologies and aids in selecting appropriate medical management. MRI may thus serve as a diagnostic tool and help in guiding therapeutic strategies and posttreatment follow-up.

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          The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary.

          David N Louis, Arie Perry, Guido Reifenberger … (2016)
          The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System is both a conceptual and practical advance over its 2007 predecessor. For the first time, the WHO classification of CNS tumors uses molecular parameters in addition to histology to define many tumor entities, thus formulating a concept for how CNS tumor diagnoses should be structured in the molecular era. As such, the 2016 CNS WHO presents major restructuring of the diffuse gliomas, medulloblastomas and other embryonal tumors, and incorporates new entities that are defined by both histology and molecular features, including glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype and glioblastoma, IDH-mutant; diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant; RELA fusion-positive ependymoma; medulloblastoma, WNT-activated and medulloblastoma, SHH-activated; and embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered. The 2016 edition has added newly recognized neoplasms, and has deleted some entities, variants and patterns that no longer have diagnostic and/or biological relevance. Other notable changes include the addition of brain invasion as a criterion for atypical meningioma and the introduction of a soft tissue-type grading system for the now combined entity of solitary fibrous tumor / hemangiopericytoma-a departure from the manner by which other CNS tumors are graded. Overall, it is hoped that the 2016 CNS WHO will facilitate clinical, experimental and epidemiological studies that will lead to improvements in the lives of patients with brain tumors.
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            Soft-tissue tumors and tumorlike lesions: a systematic imaging approach.

            Annie Wu, Mary G Hochman (2009)
            Soft-tissue lesions are frequently encountered by radiologists in everyday clinical practice. Characterization of these soft-tissue lesions remains problematic, despite advances in imaging. By systematically using clinical history, lesion location, mineralization on radiographs, and signal intensity characteristics on magnetic resonance images, one can (a) determine the diagnosis for the subset of determinate lesions that have characteristic clinical and imaging features and (b) narrow the differential diagnosis for lesions that demonstrate indeterminate characteristics. If a lesion cannot be characterized as a benign entity, the lesion should be reported as indeterminate, and the patient should undergo biopsy to exclude malignancy. (c) RSNA, 2009.
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              Imaging findings of fibrous dysplasia with histopathologic and intraoperative correlation.

              Mihra Taljanovic, Erin Graham, Luke Hunter … (2004)
              Article 0 comments Cited 44 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJO
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Title: Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0301-4738
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3689
                Publication date (Print): October 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 September 2021
                Volume: 69
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 2585-2616
                Affiliations
                [1]Neurovascular and Interventional Radiology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
                [1 ]Orbit & Oculoplasty, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
                [2 ]Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital - Civic Campus, Ottawa, Canada
                [3 ]Orbit & Oculoplasty, Centre for Sight, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Chinmay Nagesh, Consultant, Neurovascular & Interventional Radiology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, #2, 14th Cross, 3 rd Block, Jayanagar, Bengaluru - 560 011, Karnataka, India. E-mail: drchinmaynagesh@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJO-69-2585
                DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_904_21
                PMC ID: 8597442
                PubMed ID: 34571598
                SO-VID: d6a7d66b-50c9-4ff6-9a68-dd4764f264dc
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2021 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 17 April 2021
                Date revision received : 07 July 2021
                Date accepted : 12 August 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging,mri,orbit,pathology,tumor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging, mri, orbit, pathology, tumor

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