Como los tipos contemplados en los artículos 193, 194 y 197 del Código penal resultan aplicables cuando la falsedad recae en un documento público o en uno privado, la doctrina tradicional analiza directamente el concepto de documento público y de documento privado. Al proceder de este modo, soslaya que los tipos de falsedad comparten una misma forma de descripción de la conducta prohibida, con la frase "cometer falsedad en un documento". El presente trabajo intenta solamente esclarecer el significado de esta frase mediante la pregunta ¿qué significa cometer falsedad en un documento? No es posible responder a esta pregunta sin aproximarse al concepto de documento, el cual constituye entonces objeto principal de las siguientes reflexiones. La doctrina del delito de falsedad documental se torna así en una dogmática del documento, a la cual se pretende contribuir desde una perspectiva funcionalista, esto es, que analiza el concepto de documento a partir del esclarecimiento previo de la función que este cumple en el tráfico jurídico.
Criminal offences referred in articles 193, 194 and 197 of Criminal Code apply when forgery is committed on a public or private document. This fact explains why legal scholars study forgery analyzing the concept of both kinds of documents separately. But this approach forgets that those offences describe the criminal conduct in the same way, that is, "to commit forgery in a document". This work is an attempt to ascertain the sense of this sentence through the question what does committing forgery in a document means? I think it is impossible to answer this question without an understanding of the concept of document, which is the main focus of the reflections that follows. The theory of the forgery becomes, thus, a theory of the document. In this sense, the paper is a contribution to the later from a functionalist approach, that is, one that analyzes the concept of document, studying previously the function it has in the legal environment.
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