High fat diet dysregulates hypothalamic-pituitary axis gene expression levels which are differentially rescued by EPA and DHA ethyl esters

Abstract

Scope:

Dietary fat composition can modulate gene expression in peripheral tissues in obesity. Observations of the dysregulation of growth hormone (GH) in obesity indicate that these effects extend to the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis. We thus determined whether specific high fat (HF) diets influenced the levels of Gh and other key gene transcripts in the H-P axis.

Methods and results:

C57BL/6 mice were fed a lean control diet or a HF diet in the absence or presence of OA, EPA or DHA ethyl esters. Comparative studies were conducted with menhaden fish oil. The HF diet lowered pituitary Gh mRNA and protein levels, and cell culture studies revealed that elevated insulin and glucose could reduce Gh transcripts. Supplementation of the HF diet with OA, EPA, DHA, or menhaden fish oil did not improve pituitary Gh levels. The HF diet also impaired the levels of additional genes in the pituitary and hypothalamus, which were selectively rescued with EPA or DHA ethyl esters. The effects of EPA and DHA were more robust relative to fish oil.

Conclusion:

A HF diet can affect H-P axis transcription, which can be mitigated in some genes by EPA and DHA, but not fish oil in most cases.