El aprendizaje basado en problemas: De herejía artificial a res popularis

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Abstract

La extensa implementación del aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP) en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje ha resultado en su transformación de herejía artificial a res popularis con la consecuente proliferación de publicaciones, libros y congresos sobre el tema. A menudo, esta avalancha de información, ha creado una confusión en la comprensión de qué es el ABP como estrategia de aprendizaje. Este artículo presenta al lector una definición de lo que se consideró que era el ABP y su extensión, además de incluir la resolución de problemas. Se indica la importancia de los objetivos de aprendizaje (resultados del aprendizaje) y se presentan algunos pasos que se deben seguir en la preparación de situaciones/escenarios/problemas/casos. De forma general, se describen la evaluación de los estudiantes fundamentalmente formativa, basada en las observaciones hechas en las sesiones de tutoría, y la evaluación de carácter sumativo. La descripción de las etapas más comunes en el ABP tiene el propósito de indicar lo que los estudiantes pueden hacer y no que deben hacer. Si se consideran las limitaciones de recursos que tienen la mayoría de las instituciones que desean implementar el ABP, se describe la aplicación de esta estrategia en grupos grandes. Se discute el rol del tutor facilitador y se indican las características de sus intervenciones en un continuo que va desde jerárquica a facilitadora de la autonomía del estudiante en su aprendizaje. Este artículo finaliza con una reflexión sobre el aprendizaje autodirigido y su relación con el aprendizaje autorregulado.

Translated abstract

The vast use of problem based learning (PBL) in the teaching-learning process has resulted in its transformation from an artificial heresy to a res popularis with the subsequent proliferation of publications, books and congresses on the subject. This deluge of information, very often, has created confusion on the comprehension of what PBL is as learning strategy. This article presents a definition of what PBL was considered in its conception, and its extension to problem resolution. The importance of learning objectives (learning outcomes) is indicated and some steps in the preparation of situations/scenarios/problems/cases are described. Also, student evaluation is described, both the formative evaluation based on tutorial observations as well as the summative. The description of the stages in the PBL process has solely the purpose to indicate what the students could do, not what they should do. Taking into account the resource limitations of most institutions which wish to implement PBL, the application of this strategy in large groups is also described. The role of the tutor facilitator and the characteristics of his intervention from hierarchical to one of facilitating student autonomy are discussed. This article ends with a reflexion on self-directed learning and its relationship to self-regulated learning.

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The effects of problem-based learning during medical school on physician competency: a systematic review.

Mee Lian Wong, Gerald Koh, S. H. Khoo … (2008)

Systematic reviews on the effects of problem-based learning have been limited to knowledge competency either during medical school or postgraduate training. We conducted a systematic review of evidence of the effects that problem-based learning during medical school had on physician competencies after graduation. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Databases, and the tables of contents of 5 major medical education journals from earliest available date through Oct. 31, 2006. We included studies in our review if they met the following criteria: problem-based learning was a teaching method in medical school, physician competencies were assessed after graduation and a control group of graduates of traditional curricula was used. We developed a scoring system to assess the quality of the studies, categorized competencies into 8 thematic dimensions and used a second system to determine the level of evidence for each competency assessed. Our search yielded 102 articles, of which 15 met inclusion criteria after full text review. Only 13 studies entered final systematic analysis because 2 studies reported their findings in 2 articles. According to self-assessments, 8 of 37 competencies had strong evidence in support of problem-based learning. Observed assessments had 7 competencies with strong evidence. In both groups, most of these competencies were in the social and cognitive dimensions. Only 4 competencies had moderate to strong levels of evidence in support of problem-based learning for both self-and observed assessments: coping with uncertainty (strong), appreciation of legal and ethical aspects of health care (strong), communication skills (moderate and strong respectively) and self-directed continuing learning (moderate). Problem-based learning during medical school has positive effects on physician competency after graduation, mainly in social and cognitive dimensions.