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      Serine carboxypeptidase 46 Regulates Grain Filling and Seed Germination in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

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          Abstract

          Serine carboxypeptidase ( SCP) is one of the largest groups of enzymes catalyzing proteolysis for functional protein maturation. To date, little is known about the function of SCPs in rice. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the gene structure and expression profile of 59 rice SCPs. SCP46 is dominantly expressed in developing seeds, particularly in embryo, endosperm and aleurone layers, and could be induced by ABA. Functional characterization revealed that knock-down of SCP46 resulted in smaller grain size and enhanced seed germination. Furthermore, scp46 seed germination became less sensitive to the ABA inhibition than the Wild-type did; suggesting SCP46 is involved in ABA signaling. As indicated by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis, numerous grain filling and seed dormancy related genes, such as SP, VP1 and AGPs were down-regulated in scp46. Yeast-two-hybrid assay also showed that SCP46 interacts with another ABA-inducible protein DI19-1. Taken together, we suggested that SCP46 is a master regulator of grain filling and seed germination, possibly via participating in the ABA signaling. The results of this study shed novel light into the roles of SCPs in rice.

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          Natural variation in GS5 plays an important role in regulating grain size and yield in rice.

          Increasing crop yield is one of the most important goals of plant science research. Grain size is a major determinant of grain yield in cereals and is a target trait for both domestication and artificial breeding(1). We showed that the quantitative trait locus (QTL) GS5 in rice controls grain size by regulating grain width, filling and weight. GS5 encodes a putative serine carboxypeptidase and functions as a positive regulator of grain size, such that higher expression of GS5 is correlated with larger grain size. Sequencing of the promoter region in 51 rice accessions from a wide geographic range identified three haplotypes that seem to be associated with grain width. The results suggest that natural variation in GS5 contributes to grain size diversity in rice and may be useful in improving yield in rice and, potentially, other crops(2).
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            Two Faces of One Seed: Hormonal Regulation of Dormancy and Germination.

            Seed plants have evolved to maintain the dormancy of freshly matured seeds until the appropriate time for germination. Seed dormancy and germination are distinct physiological processes, and the transition from dormancy to germination is not only a critical developmental step in the life cycle of plants but is also important for agricultural production. These processes are precisely regulated by diverse endogenous hormones and environmental cues. Although ABA (abscisic acid) and GAs (gibberellins) are known to be the primary phytohormones that antagonistically regulate seed dormancy, recent findings demonstrate that another phytohormone, auxin, is also critical for inducing and maintaining seed dormancy, and therefore might act as a key protector of seed dormancy. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the sophisticated molecular networks involving the critical roles of phytohormones in regulating seed dormancy and germination, in which AP2-domain-containing transcription factors play key roles. We also discuss the interactions (crosstalk) of diverse hormonal signals in seed dormancy and germination, focusing on the ABA/GA balance that constitutes the central node.
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              ABA signaling in stress-response and seed development.

              KEY MESSAGE : We review the recent progress on ABA signaling, especially ABA signaling for ABA-dependent gene expression, including the AREB/ABF regulon, SnRK2 protein kinase, 2C-type protein phosphatases and ABA receptors. Drought negatively impacts plant growth and the productivity of crops. Drought causes osmotic stress to organisms, and the osmotic stress causes dehydration in plant cells. Abscisic acid (ABA) is produced under osmotic stress conditions, and it plays an important role in the stress response and tolerance of plants. ABA regulates many genes under osmotic stress conditions. It also regulates gene expression during seed development and germination. The ABA-responsive element (ABRE) is the major cis-element for ABA-responsive gene expression. ABRE-binding protein (AREB)/ABRE-binding factor (ABF) transcription factors (TFs) regulate ABRE-dependent gene expression. Other TFs are also involved in ABA-responsive gene expression. SNF1-related protein kinases 2 are the key regulators of ABA signaling including the AREB/ABF regulon. Recently, ABA receptors and group A 2C-type protein phosphatases were shown to govern the ABA signaling pathway. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that there are interactions between the major ABA signaling pathway and other signaling factors in stress-response and seed development. The control of the expression of ABA signaling factors may improve tolerance to environmental stresses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                22 July 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 7
                : e0159737
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, P.R. China
                [2 ]China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, P.R. China
                Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: JZ. Performed the experiments: ZL LT JQ WZ YW XT XW YH. Analyzed the data: ZL JZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LT. Wrote the paper: JZ.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-0162
                Article
                PONE-D-16-16116
                10.1371/journal.pone.0159737
                4957776
                27448032
                d61b2b63-35f3-45f2-ba89-5415191277ad
                © 2016 Li et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 April 2016
                : 7 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: “Elite Youth” program (CAAS)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 31401366
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) to Rice Reproductive Developmental Biology Group (No grant numbers) ( http://www.caas.cn/kjcxgczl/index.shtml), the “Elite Youth” program (CAAS) to JZ (No grant number) ( http://www.caas.cn/rc/qnyc1/index.shtml), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China to JZ (grant number: 31401366) ( http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Crops
                Cereal Crops
                Rice
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Plants
                Grasses
                Rice
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Model Organisms
                Plant and Algal Models
                Rice
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Seeds
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Physiology
                Plant Reproduction
                Seed Germination
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Epigenetics
                RNA interference
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Gene expression
                RNA interference
                Biology and life sciences
                Genetics
                Genetic interference
                RNA interference
                Biology and life sciences
                Biochemistry
                Nucleic acids
                RNA
                RNA interference
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Gene Expression
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Fruit and Seed Anatomy
                Endosperm
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Crops
                Cereal Crops
                Maize
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Plants
                Grasses
                Maize
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Model Organisms
                Plant and Algal Models
                Maize
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Embryology
                Embryos
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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