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      The effects of empathy skills training on nursing students’ empathy and attitudes toward elderly people

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          Abstract

          Background

          Nursing students’ empathy and positive attitudes toward elderly people could help provide improved elderly care in their future practice. This study aimed to investigate the effects of empathy skills training on nursing students’ empathy and attitudes toward elderly people.

          Methods

          This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Yasuj, Iran in 2014. The sample consisted of 63 students at Hazrat Zeinab Nursing and Midwifery School who were randomly divided into a control ( n = 31) and an intervention group ( n = 32). The intervention group attended an eight-hour workshop on empathy skills that was presented through lectures, demonstration, group discussions, scenarios, and questioning. The data were collected using the Persian versions of Kogan’s Attitudes towards Old People Scale and Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Health Professionals Version. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS software, version 19 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test, and repeated measures analysis of variance.

          Results

          The results showed that the empathy skills training program had a significant impact on the students’ mean scores of empathy and attitudes toward elderly people ( p < 0.001). The intervention group’s mean score of empathy increased from 77.8 (SD = 10.7) before the intervention to 86 (SD = 7.3) immediately after that and 85.2 (SD = 8.9) 2 months later. Their mean score of attitude also increased from 110.8 (SD = 10.9) before the intervention to 155.2 (SD = 23.4) immediately after the intervention and 158.6 (SD = 23.2) 2 months later. Additionally, the empathy and attitude scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than those for control group immediately and 2 months after the intervention.

          Conclusions

          Empathy skills training improved the nursing students’ empathy and attitudes towards elderly people. Therefore, empathy training is recommended to be incorporated into the undergraduate nursing curriculum.

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          The Elderly Population in Iran: An Ever Growing Concern in the Health System

          Maryam Noroozian (2012)
          The population ages 65 and over is expected to grow very rapidly in all parts of the world. Over the next decades, the elderly population is projected to grow much more quickly than the total population in all parts of the world. At the global level, the number of those over age 60 is projected by the UN Population Division to increase from just under 800 million in 2011 (representing 11% of world population) to just over 2 billion in 2050 (representing 22% of world population). World population is projected to increase 3.7 times from 1950 to 2050, but the number of those aged 60 and over will increase by a factor of nearly 10. Among the elderly, the “oldest old” – i.e., those aged 80 and over – is projected increase by a factor of 26. Accompanying these projected increases in elder shares throughout the world is another salient trend: the “compression of morbidity”. Anti-aging technologies – from memory-enhancing drugs to high-tech joint replacements – and healthier lifestyles have not merely increased longevity but have also made old age healthier. Although population aging is occurring in both developed and developing countries, the most rapid aging is taking place primarily in relatively newly industrialized or developing countries. Population aging generates many challenges and sparks concerns about the pace of future economic growth, the operation and financial integrity of health care and pension systems, and the well-being of the elderly. The key is adaptation on all levels: individual, organizational, and societal.
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            The empathy enigma: an empirical study of decline in empathy among undergraduate nursing students.

            Julia Ward, Julianne Cody, Mary Schaal … (2012)
            An empathic relationship between caregiver and patient not only defines the quality of the patient's experience as a recipient of care, it also contributes to patient outcomes. This longitudinal study was designed to examine changes in empathy during an academic year among undergraduate nursing students. Participants were 214 undergraduate nursing students who completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy at the beginning and at the end of 2006-2007 academic year. Statistical analyses showed a statistically significant decline of empathy for nursing students who were exposed more than others to patient encounters during study period (F(2, 211)= 4.2, p < 0.01). Findings are consistent with those found among medical students in that nursing students' encounters with patients which ironically are supposed to strengthen empathic engagement have shown a decline in student empathy. Suggestions for improving empathic behaviors in nursing students are discussed.
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              A systematic review of the associations between empathy measures and patient outcomes in cancer care.

              Serge Sultan, Sylvie Dolbeault, Sophie Lelorain … (2012)
              Despite a call for empathy in medical settings, little is known about the effects of the empathy of health care professionals on patient outcomes. This review investigates the links between physicians' or nurses' empathy and patient outcomes in oncology. With the use of multiple databases, a systematic search was performed using a combination of terms and subject headings of empathy or perspective taking or clinician-patient communication, oncology or end-of-life setting and physicians or nurses. Among the 394 hits returned, 39 studies met the inclusion criteria of a quantitative measure of empathy or empathy-related constructs linked to patient outcomes. Empathy was mainly evaluated using patient self-reports and verbal interaction coding. Investigated outcomes were mainly proximal patient satisfaction and psychological adjustment. Clinicians' empathy was related to higher patient satisfaction and lower distress in retrospective studies and when the measure was patient-reported. Coding systems yielded divergent conclusions. Empathy was not related to patient empowerment (e.g. medical knowledge, coping). Overall, clinicians' empathy has beneficial effects according to patient perceptions. However, in order to disentangle components of the benefits of empathy and provide professionals with concrete advice, future research should apply different empathy assessment approaches simultaneously, including a perspective-taking task on patients' expectations and needs at precise moments. Indeed, clinicians' understanding of patients' perspectives is the core component of medical empathy, but it is often assessed only from the patient's point of view. Clinicians' evaluations of patients' perspectives should be studied and compared with patients' reports so that problematic gaps between the two perspectives can be addressed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sakineh Gholamzadeh: sakinghsir@yahoo.com
                Maryam Khastavaneh: maryamkh2013@gmail.com
                Zahra Khademian:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8366-204X
                zahrakhademian@yahoo.com , khademian@sums.ac.ir
                Soraya Ghadakpour: sghadakpour@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Med Educ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Med Educ
                Title: BMC Medical Education
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6920
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 August 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 198
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, GRID grid.412571.4, Community-Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , ; Shiraz, Iran
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8819 4698, GRID grid.412571.4, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ; Shiraz, Iran
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8366-204X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1297
                DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1297-9
                PMC ID: 6094453
                PubMed ID: 30111312
                SO-VID: d5b36f8e-aa3b-49ad-8ee1-76814b3eec6a
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 8 July 2017
                Date accepted : 27 July 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Research Vice-chancellor of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                Award ID: Grant no. 93-7209
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Education
                Keywords: attitude,aging,nursing students,empathy,education
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Education
                Keywords: attitude, aging, nursing students, empathy, education

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