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      Fondements pour une géographie plus qu’humaine du rewilding : revue de littérature et proposition de définition

      Natures Sciences Sociétés
      EDP Sciences

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          Abstract

          Le rewildingest un terme récent mais déjà polysémique, ce qui donne lieu à des critiques relatives à la cohérence des projets s’en réclamant ainsi qu’à leur capacité à proposer une nouvelle direction pour l’action écologique. Sa définition la plus directe, comme principe d’action écologique visant à rendre un élément (espace, espèce, écosystème) à nouveau sauvage, pose elle-même question. Le recours à la notion d’autonomie plus qu’humaine permet de surmonter ces critiques : les initiatives de rewildingimpliquent un décentrement des êtres humains de l’action écologique et sont à envisager comme des agencements humains/autres qu’humains sans but prédéfini. L’approche de géographie plus qu’humaine apporte une nouvelle perspective à l’étude de cet objet et plus largement à la réflexion sur les relations au sauvage et au vivant dans son ensemble.

          Abstract

          This article offers a critical review of literature concerning the emerging topic of rewilding. It deals with different meanings and uses of the term: trophic rewilding, Pleistocene rewilding, rewilding through the action of herbivores, individual rewilding, rewilding on islands, flora rewilding, spontaneous or passive rewilding, rewilding of abandoned landscapes and even rewilding of humans. Although a recent notion, with first references published in the 1990s, rewilding is already polysemic and faces criticism regarding its coherence and capacity to offer new directions to ecological action. Its most common understanding as a principle of ecological action aiming to bring an individual, a species, an ecosystem or place back to a wilder state, also raises some issues. It infers a will to go back to a former state and reactivates the idea that some spaces are free from human influence and should thus be considered wild and therefore protected. We could overcome these issues by characterizing rewilding as centred on the notion of more-than-human autonomy. Indeed, rewilding projects aim at a decentring of anthropocentric ecological action and could be seen as human/other-than-human arrangements. This shift in the definition of rewilding enables us to see it as an open-ended and more-than-human process rather than as human-managed and goal-oriented. More-than-human geography offers a new approach to current reflexions on rewilding and on how to live in more-than-human worlds.

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          Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes.

          The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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            Trophic downgrading of planet Earth.

            Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.
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              Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate

              Between fifty and ten thousand years ago, most large mammals became extinct everywhere except Africa. Slow-breeding animals also were hard hit, regardless of size. This unusual extinction of large and slow-breeding animals provides some of the strongest support for a human contribution to their extinction and is consistent with various human hunting models, but it is difficult to explain by models relying solely on environmental change. It is an oversimplification, however, to say that a wave of hunting-induced extinctions swept continents immediately after first human contact. Results from recent studies suggest that humans precipitated extinction in many parts of the globe through combined direct (hunting) and perhaps indirect (competition, habitat alteration) impacts, but that the timing and geography of extinction might have been different and the worldwide magnitude less, had not climatic change coincided with human impacts in many places.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Natures Sciences Sociétés
                Nat. Sci. Soc.
                EDP Sciences
                1240-1307
                1765-2979
                January 2023
                June 26 2023
                January 2023
                : 31
                : 1
                : 3-17
                Article
                10.1051/nss/2023023
                d5612936-c34f-40af-859a-fec2a2864f70
                © 2023

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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