Microbial metabolites as modulators of the infant gut microbiome and host-microbial interactions in early life – ScienceOpen
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      Microbial metabolites as modulators of the infant gut microbiome and host-microbial interactions in early life

      review-article
      a , b , c , d , e
      Gut Microbes
      Taylor & Francis
      Metabolites, metabolomics, infants, microbiota, health, host, diet

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          ABSTRACT

          The development of infant gut microbiome is a pivotal process affecting the ecology and function of the microbiome, as well as host health. While the establishment of the infant microbiome has been of interest for decades, the focus on gut microbial metabolism and the resulting small molecules (metabolites) has been rather limited. However, technological and computational advances are now enabling researchers to profile the plethora of metabolites in the infant gut, allowing for improved understanding of how gut microbial-derived metabolites drive microbiome community structuring and host-microbial interactions. Here, we review the current knowledge on development of the infant gut microbiota and metabolism within the first year of life, and discuss how these microbial metabolites are key for enhancing our basic understanding of interactions during the early life developmental window.

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          From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites.

          A compelling set of links between the composition of the gut microbiota, the host diet, and host physiology has emerged. Do these links reflect cause-and-effect relationships, and what might be their mechanistic basis? A growing body of work implicates microbially produced metabolites as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence on the host. Here, we will review data supporting the diverse functional roles carried out by a major class of bacterial metabolites, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs can directly activate G-coupled-receptors, inhibit histone deacetylases, and serve as energy substrates. They thus affect various physiological processes and may contribute to health and disease.
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            Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

            Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ between human populations when viewed from the perspective of component microbial lineages, encoded metabolic functions, stage of postnatal development, and environmental exposures, we characterized bacterial species present in fecal samples obtained from 531 individuals representing healthy Amerindians from the Amazonas of Venezuela, residents of rural Malawian communities, and inhabitants of USA metropolitan areas, as well as the gene content of 110 of their microbiomes. This cohort encompassed infants, children, teenagers and adults, parents and offspring, and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the representation of genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial species assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between individuals residing in the USA compared to the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. In addition, the similarity of fecal microbiomes among family members extends across cultures. These findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations, and the impact of Westernization.
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              Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

              The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Gut Microbes
                Gut Microbes
                Gut Microbes
                Taylor & Francis
                1949-0976
                1949-0984
                21 March 2023
                2023
                21 March 2023
                : 15
                : 1
                : 2192151
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen; , Frederiksberg, Denmark
                [b ]APC Microbiome Ireland, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre; , Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
                [c ]Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Biosciences; , Norwich, UK
                [d ]Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich; , Freising, Germany
                [e ]Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia; , Norwich, UK
                Author notes
                CONTACT Henrik M. Roager hero@ 123456nexs.ku.dk Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen; , Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg DK-1958, Denmark
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-8313
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-7011
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-5709
                Article
                2192151
                10.1080/19490976.2023.2192151
                10038037
                36942883
                d5098ddd-f81c-4379-aa8d-51857a4621a2
                © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 4, References: 187, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Review
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                metabolites,metabolomics,infants,microbiota,health,host,diet
                Microbiology & Virology
                metabolites, metabolomics, infants, microbiota, health, host, diet

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