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      Prevalence, Attitudes, and Factors Motivating Conscientious Objection toward Reproductive Health among Medical Students Translated title: Prevalência, atitudes e fatores motivadores à objeção consciente com relação à saúde reprodutiva entre estudantes de medicina

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          Abstract

          Objective We have evaluated the prevalence of and the motivating factors behind the refusal to provide reproductive health services and the ethical knowledge of the subject among medical students from the Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

          Methods The present cross-sectional study involved 120 medical students. A questionnaire was utilized. The dependent variables were students' objections (or not) regarding three clinical reproductive health cases: abortion provided by law, contraceptive guidance to an adolescent without parental consent, and prescription of emergency contraception. The independent variables were age, gender, religion, ethical value, degree of religiosity, and attendance at worship services. Ethical knowledge comprised an obligation to state the reasons for the objection, report possible alternatives, and referral to another professional. Data were analyzed with χ 2 tests and t-tests with a significance level of 5%.

          Results Abortion, contraception to adolescents, and emergency contraception were refused by 35.8%, 17.5%, and 5.8% of the students, respectively. High religiosity ( p < 0.001) and higher attendance at worship services ( p = 0.034) were predictors of refusing abortion. Refusal to provide contraception to adolescents was significantly higher among women than men ( p = 0.037). Furthermore, 25% would not explain the reason for the refusal, 15% would not describe all the procedures used, and 25% would not refer the patient to another professional.

          Conclusion Abortion provided by law was the most objectionable situation. The motivating factors for this refusal were high commitment and religiosity. A reasonable portion of the students did not demonstrate ethical knowledge about the subject.

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          Resumo

          Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores motivadores da recusa em prestar serviços de saúde reprodutiva, bem como o conhecimento ético do tema, entre estudantes de medicina.

          Métodos Estudo transversal, envolvendo 120 estudantes de medicina. Aplicou-se um questionário cujas variáveis dependentes foram a existência ou não de objeções quanto à condução de três casos clínicos sobre saúde reprodutiva: o abortamento previsto em lei, a orientação contraceptiva a uma adolescente sem consentimento dos pais, e a prescrição de contracepção de emergência. As varáveis independentes foram: idade, gênero, religião, valor ético, grau de religiosidade e frequência a cultos religiosos. Os conhecimentos éticos pesquisados foram a obrigação de expor os motivos da objeção, relatar as alternativas possíveis e encaminhar a paciente a outro profissional. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do χ2 e pelo teste- t, com nível de significância de 5%.

          Resultados O abortamento foi recusado por 35,8% dos estudantes, a contracepção aos adolescentes por 17,5%, e a contracepção de emergência por 5,8%. A alta religiosidade ( p < 0,001) e uma maior frequência a cultos ( p = 0,034) foram os preditores identificados no caso do abortamento previsto em lei. A recusa da contracepção aos adolescentes foi significativamente maior entre as mulheres ( p = 0,037). Entre os estudantes, 25% não explicariam o motivo da recusa, 15% não descreveriam todos os procedimentos e 25% não fariam o encaminhamento da paciente para outro profissional.

          Conclusão O abortamento previsto em lei, foi a situação mais objetada. Os fatores motivadores a esta recusa foram o alto comprometimento e maior religiosidade. Uma parcela razoável dos alunos não demonstrou ter conhecimentos éticos sobre o tema.

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          Most cited references36

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          A Validated Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale

          R Hoge (1972)
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            Religion, conscience, and controversial clinical practices.

            There is a heated debate about whether health professionals may refuse to provide treatments to which they object on moral grounds. It is important to understand how physicians think about their ethical rights and obligations when such conflicts emerge in clinical practice. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a stratified, random sample of 2000 practicing U.S. physicians from all specialties by mail. The primary criterion variables were physicians' judgments about their ethical rights and obligations when patients request a legal medical procedure to which the physician objects for religious or moral reasons. These procedures included administering terminal sedation in dying patients, providing abortion for failed contraception, and prescribing birth control to adolescents without parental approval. A total of 1144 of 1820 physicians (63%) responded to our survey. On the basis of our results, we estimate that most physicians believe that it is ethically permissible for doctors to explain their moral objections to patients (63%). Most also believe that physicians are obligated to present all options (86%) and to refer the patient to another clinician who does not object to the requested procedure (71%). Physicians who were male, those who were religious, and those who had personal objections to morally controversial clinical practices were less likely to report that doctors must disclose information about or refer patients for medical procedures to which the physician objected on moral grounds (multivariate odds ratios, 0.3 to 0.5). Many physicians do not consider themselves obligated to disclose information about or refer patients for legal but morally controversial medical procedures. Patients who want information about and access to such procedures may need to inquire proactively to determine whether their physicians would accommodate such requests. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Conscientious objection and refusal to provide reproductive healthcare: A White Paper examining prevalence, health consequences, and policy responses

              Global Doctors for Choice-a transnational network of physician advocates for reproductive health and rights-began exploring the phenomenon of conscience-based refusal of reproductive healthcare as a result of increasing reports of harms worldwide. The present White Paper examines the prevalence and impact of such refusal and reviews policy efforts to balance individual conscience, autonomy in reproductive decision making, safeguards for health, and professional medical integrity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
                Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
                10.1055/s-00030576
                RBGO Gynecology & Obstetrics
                Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil )
                0100-7203
                1806-9339
                October 2018
                1 October 2018
                : 40
                : 10
                : 599-605
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Omar Ismail Santos Pereira Darzé Av. Dom João VI, 275, 40290-000, Brotas, Salvador, BABrazil omardarze@ 123456bahiana.edu.br
                Article
                180093
                10.1055/s-0038-1673367
                10316918
                30352457
                d49d4798-d974-4423-93d1-3516149ef050

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 March 2018
                : 07 July 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                legal abortion,adolescence,reproductive rights,medical education,women's health,aborto legal,adolescência,direito reprodutivo,educação médica,saúde da mulher

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