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The Relationship between Comprehension of Figurative Language by Japanese Children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders and College Freshmen's Assessment of Its Conventionality of Usage
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      Advances in the understanding of cellular pathogenesis associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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          Abstract

          Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 1-2%. Although it is highly heritable, the contribution of environmental factors and risk associated genes on the aberrant brain development is not well understood.In this review, we summarise some of the key risk factors and explore ASD associated cellular pathology from the perspective of the four predominant cells in the brain; neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes. Further, we discuss the contributions of the associated cellular pathology to the three common hypotheses of ASD.We highlight the major neuro-pathologies underlying ASD, however more research is needed to ensure appropriate and efficient therapies can be directed towards ASD.

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          The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception

          Nancy Kanwisher, Josh McDermott, Marvin M Chun (1997)
          Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found an area in the fusiform gyrus in 12 of the 15 subjects tested that was significantly more active when the subjects viewed faces than when they viewed assorted common objects. This face activation was used to define a specific region of interest individually for each subject, within which several new tests of face specificity were run. In each of five subjects tested, the predefined candidate “face area” also responded significantly more strongly to passive viewing of (1) intact than scrambled two-tone faces, (2) full front-view face photos than front-view photos of houses, and (in a different set of five subjects) (3) three-quarter-view face photos (with hair concealed) than photos of human hands; it also responded more strongly during (4) a consecutive matching task performed on three-quarter-view faces versus hands. Our technique of running multiple tests applied to the same region defined functionally within individual subjects provides a solution to two common problems in functional imaging: (1) the requirement to correct for multiple statistical comparisons and (2) the inevitable ambiguity in the interpretation of any study in which only two or three conditions are compared. Our data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area “FF”) that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces.
          Article 0 comments Cited 676 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction

            João Peça, Cátia Feliciano, Jonathan T. Ting … (2011)
            Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) comprise a range of disorders that share a core of neurobehavioural deficits characterized by widespread abnormalities in social interactions, deficits in communication as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. The neurological basis and circuitry mechanisms underlying these abnormal behaviours are poorly understood. Shank3 is a postsynaptic protein, whose disruption at the genetic level is thought to be responsible for development of 22q13 deletion syndrome (Phelan-McDermid Syndrome) and other non-syndromic ASDs. Here we show that mice with Shank3 gene deletions exhibit self-injurious repetitive grooming and deficits in social interaction. Cellular, electrophysiological and biochemical analyses uncovered defects at striatal synapses and cortico-striatal circuits in Shank3 mutant mice. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for Shank3 in the normal development of neuronal connectivity and establish causality between a disruption in the Shank3 gene and the genesis of autistic like-behaviours in mice.
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              Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism.

              Stéphane Jamain, Hélène Quach, Catalina Betancur … (2003)
              Many studies have supported a genetic etiology for autism. Here we report mutations in two X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 in siblings with autism-spectrum disorders. These mutations affect cell-adhesion molecules localized at the synapse and suggest that a defect of synaptogenesis may predispose to autism.
              Article 0 comments Cited 477 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (doi): 10.26407
                Title: Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities
                Abbreviated Title: JRTDD
                Publisher: ReAttach Therapy International Foundation
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-7799
                Publication date (Electronic preprint): 22 November 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 January 2020
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, UK
                [2 ]School of Bioscience, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Ave, Cardiff, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Yasir Ahmed Syed ( syedy@ 123456cardiff.ac.uk )
                Article
                DOI: 10.26407/2019jrtdd.1.21
                SO-VID: d433ee4f-9e4c-4f4d-813b-32348cb27a11
                Copyright © © Savory, K., Syer, Y. A.
                License:

                This is an open access article published by ReAttach Therapy International Foundation and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2019
                Date revision received : 16 November 2019
                Date accepted : 20 November 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 23
                Categories
                Subject: Medical Aspects of Disability

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics,Psychology,Special education,Health & Social care,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: stuttering,fluency disorder,logopedics,evidence-based practice (EBP),speech-language pathology,levels of evidence,clinical outcome
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics, Psychology, Special education, Health & Social care, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: stuttering, fluency disorder, logopedics, evidence-based practice (EBP), speech-language pathology, levels of evidence, clinical outcome

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