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      Evaluación de la actividad fungicida e identificación de compuestos orgánicos volátiles liberados por Trichoderma viride Translated title: Evaluation of fungicidal activity and identification of volatile organic compounds released by Trichoderma viride

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          Abstract

          Resumen Los metabolitos secundarios producidos por hongos son ampliamente diversos en estructura y función, lo que provee una fuente de compuestos con actividad biológica para aplicaciones en agricultura, farmacia y procesamiento de alimentos. Entre los metabolitos secundarios se encuentran compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) a los cuales se atribuye un papel determinante en la comunicación entre microorganismos. En este trabajo empleamos una cámara de ensayos comunicada por el espacio de cabeza para evaluar la actividad debida únicamente a COVs. Los resultados indican que los COVs liberados por T. viride afectan el crecimiento de los hongos fitopatógenos evaluados. En el caso de Fusarium sp. se afectaron los halos de crecimiento y para Colletotrichum gloeosporioides se observaron cambios morfológicos en su color. Para identificar los COVs responsables de esta actividad, se usaron 3 técnicas de extracción: Headspace dinámico (HSD), headspace estático (HSE) y extracción líquido-líquido (ELL) y el análisis por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GCMS). Mediante el muestreo del HSD y HSE se encontraron alcoholes y lactonas, mientras que en ELL los compuestos mayoritarios fueron alcoholes y varios ácidos orgánicos. Entre los compuestos determinados por las tres técnicas se encuentran alcohol bencílico, alcohol 2-feniletílico, 6-pentil-2H-piran-2-ona y gama-butirolactona. Esta última identificada por primera vez en T. viride. La comparación de las tres técnicas de extracción permitió establecer que HSD es el método de extracción de COVs que mejor simula la situación presentada en la cámara de evaluación de actividad biológica, permitiendo así identificar los COVs responsables de la actividad antifúngica detectada.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The secondary metabolites produced by fungi widely vary in structure and function, providing a rich source of biologically active compounds with applications in farming, pharmacology and food processing. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a biologically relevant class of secondary metabolites, since they are suspected of playing a crucial role in the communication between microorganisms. In this work, we use a test headspace chamber to evaluate the VOCs mediated antifungal activity of T. viride against Fusarium sp. and Colletotricum gloeosporiodes. We observed that VOCs produced by T. viride interact with both fungi affecting the growth halos of Fusarium sp. and modifying the colour of Colletotricum gloeosporiodes. The VOCs responsible for this activity were identified using three extraction techniques: Dynamical Headspace (DHS), Static Headspace (SHS) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), all of them analyzed via gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GCMS). DHS and SHS identified alcohols and lactones as VOCs, while with LLE we found a large number of alcohol components and several organic acids. All three techniques identified benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one and, for the first time associated to T. viride, gama-butirolactone. After comparison between these extraction techniques, we established that DHS provides the most accurate simulation of biological activity in the test chamber, which reflects in a reliable identification of the VCOs with antifungal activity.

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          Most cited references24

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          Mechanisms Employed byTrichodermaSpecies in the Biological Control of Plant Diseases: The History and Evolution of Current Concepts

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            Identification and profiling of volatile metabolites of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride by HS-SPME-GC-MS.

            In the present study we describe a method, which is based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and which can be used for the profiling of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) in the headspace (HS) of cultures of filamentous fungi. The method comprises the following successive steps: 1. growth of the fungus on a solid culture medium directly in headspace vials, 2. measurement of volatiles by HS-SPME-GC-MS, 3. deconvolution of mass spectra, 4. identification of volatiles by comparison of measured, deconvoluted mass spectra and linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRI) on two stationary GC phases with database entries and LTPRI published in the literature, and 5. profiling of the identified MVOCs. The developed method was successfully applied to cultures of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride. An in-house library consisting of mass spectra and LTPRI values of fungal VOCs was established and used to study the profiles of MVOCs of this fungus. In total, 25 different MVOCs were identified by applying strict criteria (spectral match factor at least 90% and a maximum relative deviation of LTPRI of +/-2% from literature values). The MVOCs were assigned to the compound classes of alcohols, ketones, alkanes, furanes, pyrones (mainly the bioactive 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone), mono- and sesquiterpenes, 13 of which have never been reported to be produced by Trichoderma spp. before. Eleven of these volatiles have been additionally confirmed using authentic standards. Finally, time course experiments and cultivation of T. atroviride in the presence of the mycotoxin fusaric acid demonstrated the potential of the method to study the dynamics of MVOC profiles as well as the effect of different environmental/biological conditions on the expression of MVOCs of filamentous fungi. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Volatile profiles of fungi--chemotyping of species and ecological functions.

              Fungi emit a large spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the present study, we characterized and compared the odor profiles of ectomycorrhizal (EM), pathogenic and saprophytic fungal species with the aim to use these patterns as a chemotyping tool. Volatiles were collected from the headspace of eight fungal species including nine strains (four EM, three pathogens and two saprophytes) using the stir bar sorptive extraction method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After removal of VOCs released from the growth system, 54 VOCs were detected including 15 novel compounds not reported in fungi before. Principle component and cluster analyses revealed that fungal species differ in their odor profiles, particularly in the pattern of sesquiterpenes. The functional groups and species could be chemotyped by using their specific emission patterns. The different ecological groups could be predicted with probabilities of 90-99%, whereas for the individual species the probabilities varied between 55% and 83%. This study strongly supports the concept that the profiling of volatile compounds can be used for non-invasive identification of different functional fungal groups. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                biote
                Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología
                Rev. colomb. biotecnol
                Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0123-3475
                June 2017
                : 19
                : 1
                : 63-70
                Affiliations
                [2] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia acperezc@ 123456unal.edu.co
                [3] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia ncmorenos@ 123456unal.edu.co
                [1] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia dcsinucol@ 123456unal.edu.co
                Article
                S0123-34752017000100063
                10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v19n1.65969
                d3f97b32-a371-4223-ad6c-de4b6c8d3ebf

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 January 2017
                : 25 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs),Fusarium sp.,Colletotricum gloeosporioides,gama-butirolactone,Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles (COVs),gama-butirolactona

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