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      Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers Translated title: Psychologische Effekte des Stillens auf Kinder und Mütter

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          Abstract

          While the nutritional and physical health benefits of breastfeeding are well established, accumulating research demonstrates the far-reaching psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and their mothers. Here, we provide a non-exhaustive review of the empirical evidence, showing that breastfeeding impacts children’s brain, cognitive, and socio-emotional development. In mothers, research is presented indicating that breastfeeding influences mood, affect, stress, and maternal care. The current review aims to provide a broad overview of existing findings on the psychological effects of breastfeeding, highlighting the important role that breastfeeding plays across several dimensions of psychological functioning. We also discuss the potential mechanisms that may underpin the observed effects, provide a constructive commentary on the limitations of the existing work, and put forth some considerations when evaluating this line of research.

          Zusammenfassung

          Während die Vorteile des Stillens im Hinblick auf Ernährung und körperliche Entwicklung gut belegt sind, zeigen Untersuchungen vermehrt die weitreichenden psychologischen Effekte des Stillens auf Kinder und ihre Mütter. Zu diesem Zwecke präsentieren wir einen Überblick der verfügbaren empirischen Befunde, die den Zusammenhang des Stillens mit der hirnphysiologischen, kognitiven und sozialen Entwicklung des Säuglings und Kindes in Verbindung setzen. Außerdem diskutieren wir empirische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Stillens auf Mütter mit einem besonderen Fokus auf Emotionen, Stress und mütterliches Verhalten. Dieser Übersichtsartikel vermittelt grundlegende Einblicke in den Stand der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet und unterstreicht die Komplexität des Zusammenspiels von physiologischen und psychologischen Faktoren in der Bestimmung des Einflusses des Stillverhaltens auf Kinder und Mütter. Zusammengenommen deuten die diskutierten Befunde darauf hin, dass das Stillverhalten einen Einfluss sowohl auf die psychologische Entwicklung des Kindes als auch auf das Erleben und Verhalten der Mütter hat. Der aktuelle Review gibt einen Überblick zu existierenden Ergebnissen im Hinblick auf psychologische Einflüsse des Stillens und hebt die wichtige Rolle hervor, die das Stillen in verschiedenen Bereichen psychologischer Funktionen spielt. Zudem diskutieren wir mögliche Mechanismen, die diese beobachteten Effekte stützen können, liefern einen konstruktiven Kommentar zu den Grenzen der vorhandenen Arbeit und bringen Überlegungen zur Evaluation in diesem Forschungsgebiet ein. Für eine exakte Beschreibung und kausale Vorhersage der Effekte des Stillens und damit der Anwendung, bedarf es eindeutig noch weiterer umfangreicher Untersuchungen.

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          Most cited references71

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          Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial.

          The evidence that breastfeeding improves cognitive development is based almost entirely on observational studies and is thus prone to confounding by subtle behavioral differences in the breastfeeding mother's behavior or her interaction with the infant. To assess whether prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive ability at age 6.5 years. Cluster-randomized trial, with enrollment from June 17, 1996, to December 31, 1997, and follow-up from December 21, 2002, to April 27, 2005. Thirty-one Belarussian maternity hospitals and their affiliated polyclinics. A total of 17,046 healthy breastfeeding infants were enrolled, of whom 13,889 (81.5%) were followed up at age 6.5 years. Breastfeeding promotion intervention modeled on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative by the World Health Organization and UNICEF. Subtest and IQ scores on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, and teacher evaluations of academic performance in reading, writing, mathematics, and other subjects. The experimental intervention led to a large increase in exclusive breastfeeding at age 3 months (43.3% for the experimental group vs 6.4% for the control group; P < .001) and a significantly higher prevalence of any breastfeeding at all ages up to and including 12 months. The experimental group had higher means on all of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence measures, with cluster-adjusted mean differences (95% confidence intervals) of +7.5 (+0.8 to +14.3) for verbal IQ, +2.9 (-3.3 to +9.1) for performance IQ, and +5.9 (-1.0 to +12.8) for full-scale IQ. Teachers' academic ratings were significantly higher in the experimental group for both reading and writing. These results, based on the largest randomized trial ever conducted in the area of human lactation, provide strong evidence that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive development. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN37687716.
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            Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature.

            Research has separately indicated associations between pregnancy depression and breastfeeding, breastfeeding and postpartum depression, and pregnancy and postpartum depression. This paper aimed to provide a systematic literature review on breastfeeding and depression, considering both pregnancy and postpartum depression.
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              The relationship between infant-feeding outcomes and postpartum depression: a qualitative systematic review.

              The negative health consequences of postpartum depression are well documented, as are the benefits of breastfeeding. Despite the detailed research related to these maternal and infant health outcomes, the relationship between maternal mood and breastfeeding remains equivocal. A qualitative systematic review was conducted to examine the relationship between postpartum depressive symptomatology and infant-feeding outcomes. We performed electronic searchers in Medline (1966-2007), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (1982-2007), and Embase (1980-2007) by using specific key words. A hand search of selected specialist journals and reference lists of articles obtained was then conducted. Seventy-five articles were reviewed, of which 49 specifically provided data to be extracted related to postpartum depressive symptomatology and infant-feeding outcomes. Both authors independently extracted data including study design, participants (number and characteristics), and results. The results from this review suggest that women with depressive symptomatology in the early postpartum period may be at increased risk for negative infant-feeding outcomes including decreased breastfeeding duration, increased breastfeeding difficulties, and decreased levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy. There is also beginning evidence to suggest that depressed women may be less likely to initiate breastfeeding and do so exclusively. Depressive symptomatology in the postpartum period negatively influences infant-feeding outcomes. These findings have important clinical implications and support the need for early identification and treatment of women with depressive symptomatology. However, strategies to address help-seeking barriers are needed if women are to receive appropriate and timely treatment. Research to determine effective interventions to support depressed breastfeeding women is warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                grossmann@virginia.edu
                Journal
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1436-9990
                1437-1588
                22 June 2018
                22 June 2018
                2018
                : 61
                : 8
                : 977-985
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9136 933X, GRID grid.27755.32, Department of Psychology, , University of Virginia, ; 485 McCormick Road, 22903 Charlottesville, VA USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0041 5028, GRID grid.419524.f, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, ; Leipzig, Germany
                Article
                2769
                10.1007/s00103-018-2769-0
                6096620
                29934681
                d3d58abd-fc9a-47d7-96a8-b0c20fc6fbd9
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
                Categories
                Leitthema
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2018

                cognitive development,brain,emotion,oxytocin,stress,kognitive entwicklung,gehirn

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