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      Absolute dating of the European Neolithic using the 5259 BC rapid 14C excursion

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          Abstract

          Abrupt radiocarbon ( 14C) excursions, or Miyake events, in sequences of radiocarbon measurements from calendar-dated tree-rings provide opportunities to assign absolute calendar dates to undated wood samples from contexts across history and prehistory. Here, we report a tree-ring and 14C-dating study of the Neolithic site of Dispilio, Northern Greece, a waterlogged archaeological site on Lake Kastoria. Findings secure an absolute, calendar-dated time using the 5259 BC Miyake event, with the final ring of the 303-year-long juniper tree-ring chronology dating to 5140 BC. While other sites have been absolutely dated to a calendar year through 14C-signature Miyake events, Dispilio is the first European Neolithic site of these and it provides a fixed, calendar-year anchor point for regional chronologies of the Neolithic.

          Abstract

          The Neolithic site of Dispilio, Northern Greece, is a pile-dwelling site with 900+ piles excavated. Here, the authors use the 5259 BC Miyake event to date the juniper tree-ring chronology constructed from these piles to 5140 BC, making it the first Neolithic site in the region to be absolutely calendar dated.

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          THE INTCAL20 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIOCARBON AGE CALIBRATION CURVE (0–55 CAL kBP)

          Radiocarbon ( 14 C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14 C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14 C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14 C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14 C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14 C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.
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            Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution

            We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980–2016) and for projected future conditions (2071–2100) under climate change. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps including the associated confidence maps are freely available via www.gloh2o.org/koppen.
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              Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                andrej.maczkowski@unibe.ch
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                20 May 2024
                20 May 2024
                2024
                : 15
                : 4263
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bern, ( https://ror.org/02k7v4d05) Bern, Switzerland
                [2 ]GRID grid.5734.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, , University of Bern, ; Bern, Switzerland
                [3 ]Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, ( https://ror.org/03m2x1q45) Tucson, USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.4793.9, ISNI 0000000109457005, School of History and Archaeology, , University of Thessaloniki, ; Thessaloniki, Greece
                [5 ]Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, ( https://ror.org/02k7v4d05) Bern, Switzerland
                [6 ]Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ( https://ror.org/05a28rw58) ETH Zürich, Switzerland
                [7 ]Laboratory for Dendrochronology, Archaeological Service of Canton of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-3769
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-6866
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-6207
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8215-2678
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-6633
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2159-8569
                Article
                48402
                10.1038/s41467-024-48402-1
                11106086
                38769301
                d3a73045-5c24-421a-ad59-e64cbe6b1007
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 7 October 2023
                : 30 April 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100010663, EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council);
                Award ID: 810586
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
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                © Springer Nature Limited 2024

                Uncategorized
                environmental impact,archaeology,natural variation in plants,agriculture,palaeoclimate

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