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      The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century

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          Abstract

          A submersible study of the products of a large submarine eruption demonstrates the influence of the ocean on eruption dynamics.

          Abstract

          The 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, is the largest deep-ocean eruption in history and one of very few recorded submarine eruptions involving rhyolite magma. It was recognized from a gigantic 400-km 2 pumice raft seen in satellite imagery, but the complexity of this event was concealed beneath the sea surface. Mapping, observations, and sampling by submersibles have provided an exceptionally high fidelity record of the seafloor products, which included lava sourced from 14 vents at water depths of 900 to 1220 m, and fragmental deposits including giant pumice clasts up to 9 m in diameter. Most (>75%) of the total erupted volume was partitioned into the pumice raft and transported far from the volcano. The geological record on submarine volcanic edifices in volcanic arcs does not faithfully archive eruption size or magma production.

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          Most cited references28

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          Rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output

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            A vesicularity index for pyroclastic deposits

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              Submarine silicic caldera at the front of the Izu-Bonin arc, Japan: Voluminous seafloor eruptions of rhyolite pumice

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                SciAdv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                January 2018
                10 January 2018
                : 4
                : 1
                : e1701121
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CODES and School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
                [2 ]Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
                [3 ]Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720–4767, USA.
                [4 ]Geology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
                [5 ]National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
                [6 ]Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan.
                [7 ]GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
                [8 ]Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96825, USA.
                [9 ]Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
                [10 ]School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: rebecca.carey@ 123456utas.edu.au
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-6419
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-6300
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3286-4682
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-711X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7941-1608
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3720-6315
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3374-8608
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-7835
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2121-9357
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-416X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3224-5833
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-1610
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-921X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-6147
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3322-0654
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-4941
                Article
                1701121
                10.1126/sciadv.1701121
                5762192
                29326974
                d39e04d5-d8e4-4824-b600-5420129b1671
                Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 10 April 2017
                : 08 December 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, National Science Foundation;
                Award ID: award339461
                Award ID: EAR1447559
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000085, Directorate for Geosciences;
                Award ID: award320359
                Award ID: OCE1357443
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000085, Directorate for Geosciences;
                Award ID: award320360
                Award ID: OCE1357216
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008247, University of Otago;
                Award ID: award348027
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000923, Australian Research Council;
                Award ID: award320358
                Award ID: DP110102196, DE150101190
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
                Award ID: award348025
                Funded by: NIWA Marine Geological Processes;
                Award ID: award339914
                Award ID: COPR1802
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004629, Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment;
                Award ID: award339511
                Award ID: GNS Science CSA-GHZ
                Funded by: New Zealand Marsden Grant;
                Award ID: award348198
                Award ID: U001616
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004629, Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment;
                Award ID: award340525
                Award ID: GNS Science CSA-EEZ
                Funded by: Department of Defense;
                Award ID: award348199
                Award ID: the National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program
                Categories
                Research Article
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                Geology
                Physical Sciences
                Geology
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                Ken Ortega

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