The predictive power of saliva electrolytes exceeds that of saliva microbiomes in diagnosing early childhood caries

ABSTRACT

Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases affecting children worldwide, and thus its etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis are of particular clinical significance. This study aims to test the ability of salivary microbiome and electrolytes in diagnosing ECC, and their interplays within the same population. We here simultaneously profiled salivary microbiome and biochemical components of 331 children (166 caries-free (H group) and 165 caries-active children (C group)) aged 4-6 years. We identified both salivary microbial and biochemical dysbiosis associated with ECC. Remarkably, K ⁺, Cl ^-, NH ₄ ⁺, Na ⁺, SO ₄ ^2-, Ca ²⁺, Mg ²⁺, and Br ^- were enriched while pH and NO ₃ ^- were depleted in ECC. Moreover, the dmft index (ECC severity) positively correlated with Cl ^-, NH ₄ ⁺, Ca ²⁺, Mg ²⁺, Br ^-, while negatively with pH and NO ₃ ^-. Furthermore, machine-learning classification models were constructed based on these biomarkers from saliva microbiota, or electrolytes (and pH). Unexpectedly, the electrolyte-based classifier (AUROC = 0.94) outperformed microbiome-based (AUROC = 0.70) one and the composite-based one (with both microbial and biochemical data; AUC = 0.89) in predicting ECC. Collectively, these findings indicate ECC-associated alterations and interplays in the oral microbiota, electrolytes and pH, underscoring the necessity of developing diagnostic models with predictors from salivary electrolytes.