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      Evaluation of the results from surgical treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow ☆☆ Translated title: Avaliação dos resultados do tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo

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          Abstract

          Objective

          to evaluate the results from surgical treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow (fracture of the radial head, fracture of the coronoid process and elbow dislocation) and its complications.

          Methods

          between August 2002 and August 2010, 15 patients (15 elbows) with the terrible triad were treated by the Shoulder and Elbow Group of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo. Nine (60%) were male and six (40%) were female; their ages ranged from 21 to 66 years, with a mean of 41 years. With the exception of one case that underwent arthroscopic surgery, all the patients underwent open surgery. The fracture of the coronoid process was fixed in 10 patients (66.7%). The fracture of the radial head was treated by means of internal osteosynthesis in 11 cases (73.3%); in three cases (20%), the radial head was resected; and in one case, only the fragment of the fracture was resected. The collateral ligaments, except for one case, were repaired whenever they were found to be injured; ten cases (66.7%) of medial collateral injury and 15 (100%) of lateral collateral injury were found. The mean length of the postoperative follow‐up was 62 months, with a minimum of 12 months. The postoperative evaluation was done by means of the Bruce score.

          Results

          more than 80% of the patients recovered their functional ranges of motion but, according to the Bruce score, only 26% of the patients achieved results that were considered satisfactory.

          Conclusion

          despite the unsatisfactory results, the functional ranges of motion and elbow function could be restored.

          Resumo

          Objetivo

          avaliar o resultado do tratamento cirúrgico da tríade terrível do cotovelo (fratura da cabeça do rádio e do processo coronoide e luxação do cotovelo) e suas complicações.

          Métodos

          entre agosto de 2002 e agosto de 2010 foram tratados 15 cotovelos (15 pacientes) com tríade terrível pelo Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo do Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Nove (60%) eram do sexo masculino e seis (40%) do feminino; a idade variou de 21 a 66, com média de 41. Com a exceção de um caso, que foi submetido a cirurgia artroscópica, todos foram submetidos a cirurgia aberta. A fratura do processo coronoide foi fixada em 10 pacientes (66,7%). A fratura da cabeça do rádio foi submetida a osteossíntese interna em 11 casos (73,3%); em três (20%), a cabeça do rádio foi ressecada; em um caso, somente o fragmento da fratura foi ressecado. Os ligamentos colaterais, com exceção de um caso, foram reparados sempre que se encontrassem lesados; foram encontradas 10 (66,7%) lesões do colateral medial e 15 (100%) do lateral. O seguimento no período pós‐operatório foi, em média, de 62 meses, com mínimo de 12. A avaliação pós‐operatória foi feita por meio do escore de Bruce.

          Resultados

          mais de 80% dos pacientes recuperaram os arcos de movimentos funcionais e, de acordo com o escore de Bruce, apenas 26% obtiveram resultados considerados satisfatórios.

          Conclusão

          apesar dos resultados insatisfatórios, os arcos funcionais de movimento e a função do cotovelo podem ser restaurados.

          Related collections

          Most cited references27

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          A biomechanical study of normal functional elbow motion.

          We studied thirty-three normal patients, eighteen women and fifteen men, for normal motion and the amount of elbow motion required for fifteen activities of daily living. The amounts of elbow flexion and forearm rotation (pronation and supination) were measured simultaneously by means of an electrogoniometer. Activities of dressing and hygiene require elbow positioning from about 140 degrees of flexion needed to reach the occiput to 15 degrees of flexion required to tie a shoe. Most of these activities are performed with the forearm in zero to 50 degrees of supination. Other activities of daily living (such as eating, using a telephone, or opening a door) are accomplished with arcs of motion of varying magnitudes. Most of the activities of daily living that were studied in this project can be accomplished with 100 degrees of elbow flexion (from 30 to 130 degrees) and 100 degrees of forearm rotation (50 degrees of pronation and 50 degrees of supination). These data, not previously recorded, may be used to provide an objective basis for the determination of disability impairment, to determine the optimum position for elbow splinting or arthrodesis, and to assist in the design of elbow prostheses. The motion needed to perform essential daily activities is obtainable with a successful total elbow arthroplasty.
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            Fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna.

            A review of thirty-five patients who had a fracture of the coronoid process of the ulna revealed three types of fracture: Type I--avulsion of the tip of the process; Type II--a fragment involving 50 per cent of the process, or less; and Type III--a fragment involving more than 50 per cent of the process. A concurrent dislocation or associated fracture was present in 14, 56, and 80 per cent of these patients, respectively. The outcome correlated well with the type of fracture. According to an objective elbow-performance index used to assess the results for the thirty-two patients who had at least one year of follow-up (mean, fifty months), 92 per cent of the patients who had a Type-I fracture, 73 per cent who had a Type-II fracture, and 20 per cent who had a Type-III fracture had a satisfactory result. Residual stiffness of the joint was most often present in patients who had a Type-III fracture. We recommend early motion within three weeks after injury for patients who have a Type-I or Type-II fracture. Reduction and fixation, followed by early motion when possible, may be the preferred treatment for patients who have a Type-III fracture.
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              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Some observations on fractures of the head of the radius with a review of one hundred cases.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
                Elsevier
                2255-4971
                20 March 2014
                May-Jun 2014
                20 March 2014
                : 49
                : 3
                : 271-278
                Affiliations
                [0005]Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                Article
                S2255-4971(14)00048-2
                10.1016/j.rboe.2014.03.006
                4511680
                26229812
                d2d8d609-0dda-4845-9d7a-1c34c6d432f1
                © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 8 April 2013
                : 11 June 2013
                Categories
                Original Article

                elbow/injuries,elbow/surgery,internal fracture fixation,cotovelo/lesões,cotovelo/cirurgia,fixação interna de fraturas

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