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      Global scale assessment of urban precipitation anomalies

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          Significance

          This research reports a global analysis of urban precipitation anomalies encompassing over one thousand cities worldwide. While earlier studies have focused on the impact of urbanization on precipitation for specific cities or isolated thunderstorm cases, our research breaks innovative ground by mapping global urban precipitation hotspots over the past 20 y. This study provides global evidence of noticeable urban precipitation anomalies, especially in hot and humid climates. Beyond the anticipated influence of local climate, our findings reveal that higher levels of urbanization enhance these urban precipitation anomalies. This research not only deepens our understanding of how cities shape precipitation but also establishes the groundwork for incorporating urbanization considerations into future precipitation projections.

          Abstract

          Urbanization has accelerated dramatically across the world over the past decades. Urban influence on surface temperatures is now being considered as a correction term in climatological datasets. Although prior research has investigated urban influences on precipitation for specific cities or selected thunderstorm cases, a comprehensive examination of urban precipitation anomalies on a global scale remains limited. This research is a global analysis of urban precipitation anomalies for over one thousand cities worldwide. We find that more than 60% of the global cities and their downwind regions are receiving more precipitation than the surrounding rural areas. Moreover, the magnitude of these urban wet islands has nearly doubled in the past 20 y. Urban precipitation anomalies exhibit variations across different continents and climates, with cities in Africa, for example, exhibiting the largest urban annual and extreme precipitation anomalies. Cities are more prone to substantial urban precipitation anomalies under warm and humid climates compared to cold and dry climates. Cities with larger populations, pronounced urban heat island effects, and higher aerosol loads also show noticeable precipitation enhancements. This research maps global urban rainfall hotspots, establishing a foundation for the consideration of urban rainfall corrections in climatology datasets. This advancement holds promise for projecting extreme precipitation and fostering the development of more resilient cities in the future.

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          Most cited references42

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          Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution

          We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980–2016) and for projected future conditions (2071–2100) under climate change. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps including the associated confidence maps are freely available via www.gloh2o.org/koppen.
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            Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols

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              City size and the urban heat island

              T.R. Oke (1973)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
                Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
                PNAS
                Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
                National Academy of Sciences
                0027-8424
                1091-6490
                9 September 2024
                17 September 2024
                9 September 2024
                : 121
                : 38
                : e2311496121
                Affiliations
                [1] aMaseeh Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712
                [2] bDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712
                [3] cDepartment of Geography, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602
                Author notes
                1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: happy1@ 123456utexas.edu .

                Edited by Karen Seto, Yale University, New Haven, CT; received July 24, 2023; accepted June 7, 2024

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7527-8141
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-0330
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1848-5080
                Article
                202311496
                10.1073/pnas.2311496121
                11420207
                39250669
                d2cb0457-cc7e-481c-89f5-aa3b3b7a2de7
                Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

                This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

                History
                : 24 July 2023
                : 07 June 2024
                Page count
                Pages: 8, Words: 5924
                Categories
                research-article, Research Article
                earth-sci, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
                sustainability-phys, Sustainability Science
                413
                9
                Physical Sciences
                Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
                Physical Sciences
                Sustainability Science

                urban sustainability,global change,rainfall extremes,cities

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