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      Current Aspects on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

      research-article
      Author(s): *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: The Open Dentistry Journal
      Publisher: Bentham Open
      Keywords: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, overview.

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. This article overviews the essential points of oral squamous cell carcinoma, highlighting its risk and genomic factors, the potential malignant disorders and the therapeutic approaches. It also emphasizes the importance of the early diagnosis.

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          A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications.

          Boudewijn Braakhuis, Maarten P. Tabor, J. Kummer … (2003)
          The concept of "field cancerization" was first introduced by Slaughter et al. [D. P, Slaughter et al., Cancer (Phila.), 6: 963-968, 1953] in 1953 when studying the presence of histologically abnormal tissue surrounding oral squamous cell carcinoma. It was proposed to explain the development of multiple primary tumors and locally recurrent cancer. Organ systems in which field cancerization has been described since then are: head and neck (oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx), lung, vulva, esophagus, cervix, breast, skin, colon, and bladder. Recent molecular findings support the carcinogenesis model in which the development of a field with genetically altered cells plays a central role. In the initial phase, a stem cell acquires genetic alterations and forms a "patch," a clonal unit of altered daughter cells. These patches can be recognized on the basis of mutations in TP53, and have been reported for head and neck, lung, skin, and breast cancer. The conversion of a patch into an expanding field is the next logical and critical step in epithelial carcinogenesis. Additional genetic alterations are required for this step, and by virtue of its growth advantage, a proliferating field gradually displaces the normal mucosa. In the mucosa of the head and neck, as well as the esophagus, such fields have been detected with dimensions of >7 cm in diameter, whereas they are usually not detected by routine diagnostic techniques. Ultimately, clonal divergence leads to the development of one or more tumors within a contiguous field of preneoplastic cells. An important clinical implication is that fields often remain after surgery of the primary tumor and may lead to new cancers, designated presently by clinicians as "a second primary tumor" or "local recurrence," depending on the exact site and time interval. In conclusion, the development of an expanding preneoplastic field appears to be a critical step in epithelial carcinogenesis with important clinical consequences. Diagnosis and treatment of epithelial cancers should not only be focused on the tumor but also on the field from which it developed.
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            Current concepts in management of oral cancer--surgery.

            Jatin P. Shah, Ziv Gil (2015)
            Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with a high prevalence in South Asia. Tobacco and alcohol consumption remain the most dominant etiologic factors, however HPV has been recently implicated in oral cancer. Surgery is the most well established mode of initial definitive treatment for a majority of oral cancers. The factors that affect choice of treatment are related to the tumor and the patient. Primary site, location, size, proximity to bone, and depth of infiltration are factors which influence a particular surgical approach. Tumors that approach or involve the mandible require specific understanding of the mechanism of bone involvement. This facilitates the employment of mandible sparing approaches such as marginal mandibulectomy and mandibulotomy. Reconstruction of major surgical defects in the oral cavity requires use of a free flap. The radial forearm free flap provides excellent soft tissue and lining for soft tissue defects in the oral cavity. The fibula free flap remains the choice for mandibular reconstruction. Over the course of the past thirty years there has been improvement in the overall survival of patients with oral carcinoma largely due to the improved understanding of the biology of local progression, early identification and treatment of metastatic lymph nodes in the neck, and employment of adjuvant post-operative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The role of surgery in primary squamous cell carcinomas in other sites in the head and neck has evolved with integration of multidisciplinary treatment approaches employing chemotherapy and radiotherapy either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, larynx preservation with concurrent chemoradiotherapy has become the standard of care for locally advanced carcinomas of the larynx or pharynx requiring total laryngectomy. On the other hand, for early staged tumors of the larynx and pharynx, transoral laser microsurgery has become an effective means of local control of these lesions. Advances in skull base surgery have significantly improved the survivorship of patients with malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses approaching or involving the skull base. Surgery thus remains the mainstay of management of a majority of neoplasms arising in the head and neck area. Similarly, the role of the surgeon is essential throughout the life history of a patient with a malignant neoplasm in the head and neck area, from initial diagnosis through definitive treatment, post-treatment surveillance, management of complications, rehabilitation of the sequelae of treatment, and finally for palliation of symptoms.
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              “Field cancerization” in oral stratified squamous epithelium. Clinical implications of multicentric origin

              Danely P. Slaughter, Harry W. Southwick, Walter Smejkal (1953)
              Article 0 comments Cited 179 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Dent J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Dent J
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TODENTJ
                Title: The Open Dentistry Journal
                Publisher: Bentham Open
                ISSN (Electronic): 1874-2106
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 August 2012
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Volume: 6
                Pages: 126-130
                Affiliations
                Oral Medicine/Pathology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to this author at the Aristotle University, Dept. of Oral Medicine/Pathology, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Tel: +30 2310 999523; Fax: +30 2319 999532; E-mail: anmark@ 123456dent.auth.gr
                Article
                Publisher ID: TODENTTJ-6-126
                DOI: 10.2174/1874210601206010126
                PMC ID: 3428647
                PubMed ID: 22930665
                SO-VID: d2731f41-5a7c-47a5-9410-9e7e15b14390
                Copyright © © Anastasios K. Markopoulos; Licensee Bentham Open.
                License:

                This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 May 2012
                Date revision received : 1 July 2011
                Date accepted : 8 July 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: oral squamous cell carcinoma,overview.
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: oral squamous cell carcinoma, overview.

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