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      Proton-transfer-induced 3D/2D hybrid perovskites suppress ion migration and reduce luminance overshoot

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          Abstract

          Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on three-dimensional (3D) polycrystalline perovskites suffer from ion migration, which causes overshoot of luminance over time during operation and reduces its operational lifetime. Here, we demonstrate 3D/2D hybrid PeLEDs with extremely reduced luminance overshoot and 21 times longer operational lifetime than 3D PeLEDs. The luminance overshoot ratio of 3D/2D hybrid PeLED is only 7.4% which is greatly lower than that of 3D PeLED (150.4%). The 3D/2D hybrid perovskite is obtained by adding a small amount of neutral benzylamine to methylammonium lead bromide, which induces a proton transfer from methylammonium to benzylamine and enables crystallization of 2D perovskite without destroying the 3D phase. Benzylammonium in the perovskite lattice suppresses formation of deep-trap states and ion migration, thereby enhances both operating stability and luminous efficiency based on its retardation effect in reorientation.

          Abstract

          Ion migration can induce overshoot of luminance in normal 3D perovskite light-emitting diode devices and results in reduced lifetime. Here Kim et al. show that the ion migration and overshoot can be suppressed in 3D/2D hybrid perovskites, leading to 21 times longer operational lifetime.

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          Ion Migration in Organometal Trihalide Perovskite and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability.

          Organometal trihalide perovskites (OTPs) are emerging as very promising photovoltaic materials because the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OTP solar cells quickly rises and now rivals with that of single crystal silicon solar cells after only five-years research. Their prospects to replace silicon photovoltaics to reduce the cost of renewable clean energy are boosted by the low-temperature solution processing as well as the very low-cost raw materials and relative insensitivity to defects. The flexibility, semitransparency, and vivid colors of perovskite solar cells are attractive for niche applications such as built-in photovoltaics and portable lightweight chargers. However, the low stability of current hybrid perovskite solar cells remains a serious issue to be solved before their broad application. Among all those factors that affect the stability of perovskite solar cells, ion migration in OTPs may be intrinsic and cannot be taken away by device encapsulation. The presence of ion migration has received broad attention after the report of photocurrent hysteresis in OTP based solar cells. As suggested by much direct and indirect experimental evidence, the ion migration is speculated to be the origin or an important contributing factor for many observed unusual phenomenon in OTP materials and devices, such as current-voltage hysteresis, switchable photovoltaic effect, giant dielectric constant, diminished transistor behavior at room temperature, photoinduced phase separation, photoinduced self-poling effect, and electrical-field driven reversible conversion between lead iodide (PbI2) and methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3). Undoubtedly thorough insight into the ion-migration mechanism is highly desired for the development of OTP based devices to improve intrinsic stability in the dark and under illumination. In this Account, we critically review the recent progress in understanding the fundamental science on ion migration in OTP based solar cells. We look into both theoretical and experiment advances in answering these basic questions: Does ion migration occur and cause the photocurrent hysteresis in perovskite solar cells? What are the migrating ion species? How do ions migrate? How does ion migration impact the device efficiency and stability? How can ion migration be mitigated or eliminated? We also raise some questions that need to be understood and addressed in the future.
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            High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization

            Single crystals of methylammonium lead trihalide perovskites (MAPbX3; MA=CH3NH3 +, X=Br− or I−) have shown remarkably low trap density and charge transport properties; however, growth of such high-quality semiconductors is a time-consuming process. Here we present a rapid crystal growth process to obtain MAPbX3 single crystals, an order of magnitude faster than previous reports. The process is based on our observation of the substantial decrease of MAPbX3 solubility, in certain solvents, at elevated temperatures. The crystals can be both size- and shape-controlled by manipulating the different crystallization parameters. Despite the rapidity of the method, the grown crystals exhibit transport properties and trap densities comparable to the highest quality MAPbX3 reported to date. The phenomenon of inverse or retrograde solubility and its correlated inverse temperature crystallization strategy present a major step forward for advancing the field on perovskite crystallization.
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              Understanding the rate-dependent J–V hysteresis, slow time component, and aging in CH3NH3PbI3perovskite solar cells: the role of a compensated electric field

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                twlees@snu.ac.kr
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                6 July 2020
                6 July 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 3378
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, GRID grid.31501.36, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 8385, GRID grid.202119.9, Department of Chemical Engineering, , Inha University, ; Incheon, 22212 Republic of Korea
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2180 6431, GRID grid.4280.e, Department of Chemistry, , National University of Singapore, ; Singapore, 117543 Singapore
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1760 5735, GRID grid.64924.3d, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and College of Materials Science and Engineering, , Jilin University, ; Changchun, 130012 China
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9149 5707, GRID grid.410885.0, Research Center for Materials Analysis, , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), ; Daejeon, 34133 Republic of Korea
                [6 ]ISNI 0000000121839049, GRID grid.5333.6, Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME), , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ; Lausanne, CH-1951 Switzerland
                [7 ]ISNI 0000000121885934, GRID grid.5335.0, Cavendish Laboratory, , University of Cambridge, ; JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, , University of Oxford, ; Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, GRID grid.31501.36, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, GRID grid.31501.36, Institute of Applied Physics, , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0742 4007, GRID grid.49100.3c, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Pohang University of Science and Technology, ; Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
                [12 ]ISNI 0000000121839049, GRID grid.5333.6, Group for Molecular Engineering of Function Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ; Sion, CH-1951 Switzerland
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2181 989X, GRID grid.264381.a, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Sungkyunkwan University, ; Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, GRID grid.31501.36, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
                [15 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, GRID grid.31501.36, Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Nano Systems Institute (NSI), , Seoul National University, ; Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0482 5067, GRID grid.34980.36, Present Address: Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, , Indian Institute of Science, ; Bangalore, 560012 India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5296-8975
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-3085
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6094-210X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-6641
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-1643
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7483-7880
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-5486
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-3421
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-9515
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-6308
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1491-743X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5955-4786
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-6300
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-6725
                Article
                17072
                10.1038/s41467-020-17072-0
                7338442
                32632144
                d203c975-0703-4b9b-ae44-e03b1e1326a0
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 August 2019
                : 2 June 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003621, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP);
                Award ID: NRF-2016R1A3B1908431
                Award ID: NRF-2014M3A6A7060583
                Award ID: 2017R1A2A1A17069511
                Award Recipient :
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                © The Author(s) 2020

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                chemistry,materials science,optics and photonics,physics
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                chemistry, materials science, optics and photonics, physics

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