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Aptamers: Uptake mechanisms and intracellular applications ☆
review-article
6 July 2018
SELEX, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,
AML, amiloride,
CPZ, chlorpromazine,
GEN, genistein,
LAMP-1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1,
ER, endoplasmic reticulum,
QD, quantum dots,
NP, nanoparticles,
TEM, transmission electron microscopy,
PRMT5, protein arginine methyltransferase 5,
DFHBI, 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone,
TO, thiazole orange,
DFHO, 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxynenzylidene imidazolinone-2-oxime,
GFP, green fluorescence protein,
E.coli, Escherichia coli,
cdiA, cyclic di-AMP,
ADP, adenosine di-phosphate,
SAM, S-adenosylmethionine,
GTP, guanosine 5-triphosphate,
C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans,
EGFP, enhanced green fluorescence protein,
snRNA, small nuclear RNA,
snRNP, small nuclear protein,
apta-FRET, aptamer-based Förster resonance energy transfer,
TF, transcription factor,
TetR, tetracycline repressor,
RNAP, RNA polymerase,
RAPs, RNA polymerase binding aptamers,
iRAPs, inhibitory RNA polymerase binding aptamers,
UTR, Untranslated region,
Hsp70, Heat shock protein 70,
FOXM1, forkhead box M1,
DBD, DNA binding domain,
HSP, heat shock factor,
NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,
RUNX1, runt-related transcription factor 1,
RHD, runt-homology domain,
USP14, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14,
CBFβ, core-binding factor β protein,
GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptors,
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus,
AD, Alzheimer's disease,
TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1,
CSC, cancer stem cell,
HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,
EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule,
MRP1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1,
eIF4A, eukaryotic initiation factor-4A,
ATP, adenosine triphosphate,
β2AR, β2-adrenoceptor,
Sf9, Spodoptera frugiperda 9,
cJun, protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene,
cFos, proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos,
AP-1, activator protein-1,
dsRBM, double-stranded RNA binding domain,
Aptamer,
Endocytosis,
Imaging,
Gene regulation,
Intramers,
Allosteric modulation,
G-quadruplex
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Abstract
The structural flexibility and small size of aptamers enable precise recognition of cellular elements for imaging and therapeutic applications. The process by which aptamers are taken into cells depends on their targets but is typically clathrin-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis. After internalization, most aptamers are transported to endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and occasionally mitochondria and autophagosomes. Intracellular aptamers, or “intramers,” have versatile functions ranging from intracellular RNA imaging, gene regulation, and therapeutics to allosteric modulation, which we discuss in this review. Immune responses to therapeutic aptamers and the effects of G-quadruplex structure on aptamer function are also discussed.
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Most cited references107
- Record: found
- Abstract: not found
- Article: not found
AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis.
Robert Eferl, Erwin F. Wagner (2003)
- Record: found
- Abstract: found
- Article: not found
Aptamers as targeted therapeutics: current potential and challenges
Jiehua Zhou, John M. Rossi (2016)
Author and article information
selex, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,aml, amiloride,cpz, chlorpromazine,gen, genistein,lamp-1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1,er, endoplasmic reticulum,qd, quantum dots,np, nanoparticles,tem, transmission electron microscopy,prmt5, protein arginine methyltransferase 5,dfhbi, 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone,to, thiazole orange,dfho, 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxynenzylidene imidazolinone-2-oxime,gfp, green fluorescence protein,e.coli, escherichia coli,cdia, cyclic di-amp,adp, adenosine di-phosphate,sam, s-adenosylmethionine,gtp, guanosine 5-triphosphate,c. elegans, caenorhabditis elegans,egfp, enhanced green fluorescence protein,snrna, small nuclear rna,snrnp, small nuclear protein,apta-fret, aptamer-based förster resonance energy transfer,tf, transcription factor,tetr, tetracycline repressor,rnap, rna polymerase,raps, rna polymerase binding aptamers,iraps, inhibitory rna polymerase binding aptamers,utr, untranslated region,hsp70, heat shock protein 70,foxm1, forkhead box m1,dbd, dna binding domain,hsp, heat shock factor,nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells,runx1, runt-related transcription factor 1,rhd, runt-homology domain,usp14, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14,cbfβ, core-binding factor β protein,gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptors,hiv, human immunodeficiency virus,ad, alzheimer's disease,tgf-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1,csc, cancer stem cell,her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,epcam, epithelial cell adhesion molecule,mrp1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1,eif4a, eukaryotic initiation factor-4a,atp, adenosine triphosphate,β2ar, β2-adrenoceptor,sf9, spodoptera frugiperda 9,cjun, protein that in humans is encoded by the jun gene,cfos, proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos,ap-1, activator protein-1,dsrbm, double-stranded rna binding domain,aptamer,endocytosis,imaging,gene regulation,intramers,allosteric modulation,g-quadruplex
selex, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, aml, amiloride, cpz, chlorpromazine, gen, genistein, lamp-1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, er, endoplasmic reticulum, qd, quantum dots, np, nanoparticles, tem, transmission electron microscopy, prmt5, protein arginine methyltransferase 5, dfhbi, 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone, to, thiazole orange, dfho, 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxynenzylidene imidazolinone-2-oxime, gfp, green fluorescence protein, e.coli, escherichia coli, cdia, cyclic di-amp, adp, adenosine di-phosphate, sam, s-adenosylmethionine, gtp, guanosine 5-triphosphate, c. elegans, caenorhabditis elegans, egfp, enhanced green fluorescence protein, snrna, small nuclear rna, snrnp, small nuclear protein, apta-fret, aptamer-based förster resonance energy transfer, tf, transcription factor, tetr, tetracycline repressor, rnap, rna polymerase, raps, rna polymerase binding aptamers, iraps, inhibitory rna polymerase binding aptamers, utr, untranslated region, hsp70, heat shock protein 70, foxm1, forkhead box m1, dbd, dna binding domain, hsp, heat shock factor, nf-κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells, runx1, runt-related transcription factor 1, rhd, runt-homology domain, usp14, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 14, cbfβ, core-binding factor β protein, gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptors, hiv, human immunodeficiency virus, ad, alzheimer's disease, tgf-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1, csc, cancer stem cell, her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, epcam, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, mrp1, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, eif4a, eukaryotic initiation factor-4a, atp, adenosine triphosphate, β2ar, β2-adrenoceptor, sf9, spodoptera frugiperda 9, cjun, protein that in humans is encoded by the jun gene, cfos, proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos, ap-1, activator protein-1, dsrbm, double-stranded rna binding domain, aptamer, endocytosis, imaging, gene regulation, intramers, allosteric modulation, g-quadruplex
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