Daily Microaggressions and Related Distress among Black Women Living with HIV during the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Black Lives Matter Protests

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Abstract

Black women living with HIV (BWLWH) in the U.S. face microaggressions based on race, gender, HIV-status, and sexual orientation. We examined changes in daily microaggressions and related distress among 143 BWLWH in Miami, FL. Microaggression-related distress increased from 52% at baseline/October, peaked at 70% during the holidays (November/December), declined to 55% in March when COVID-19 social distancing began, and peaked to 83% in June/July 2020 during widespread Black Lives Matters protests. Baseline viral suppression was associated with lower microaggressions across the 9-months. Microaggression-related distress may change due to social context and research is needed on microaggressions and viral load overtime.

Resumen

Las mujeres de raza negra que viven con el VIH (MNVV) en los EE. UU. enfrentan microagresiones basadas en la raza, el género, el estado serológico del VIH y la orientación sexual. Examinamos los cambios en las microagresiones diarias y el estrés relacionado entre 143 MNVV en Miami, FL. El estrés relacionado con la microagresión aumentó del 52% en la línea de base/octubre, alcanzó un máximo del 70% durante las vacaciones (noviembre/diciembre), disminuyó al 55% en marzo cuando comenzó el distanciamiento social por el COVID-19 y alcanzó un máximo del 83% en junio/julio de 2020 durante las protestas generalizadas de Black Lives Matters. La supresión viral inicial se asoció con menores microagresiones durante los 9 meses. El estrés relacionada con la microagresión puede cambiar debido al contexto social y se necesitan investigaciones sobre las microagresiones y la carga viral con el tiempo.

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Ecological momentary interventions: incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments.

Kristin Heron, Joshua Smyth (2010)

Psychosocial and health behaviour treatments and therapies can be extended beyond traditional research or clinical settings by using mobile technology to deliver interventions to individuals as they go about their daily lives. These ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) are treatments that are provided to people during their everyday lives (i.e. in real time) and in natural settings (i.e. real world). The goal of the present review is to synthesize and critique mobile technology-based EMI aimed at improving health behaviours and psychological and physical symptoms. Twenty-seven interventions using palmtop computers or mobile phones to deliver ambulatory treatment for smoking cessation, weight loss, anxiety, diabetes management, eating disorders, alcohol use, and healthy eating and physical activity were identified. There is evidence that EMI can be successfully delivered, are accepted by patients, and are efficacious for treating a variety of health behaviours and physical and psychological symptoms. Limitations of the existing literature were identified and recommendations and considerations for research design, sample characteristics, measurement, statistical analyses, and clinical implementation are discussed. Mobile technology-based EMI can be effectively implemented as interventions for a variety of health behaviours and psychological and physical symptoms. Future research should integrate the assessment and intervention capabilities of mobile technology to create dynamically and individually tailored EMI that are ecologically sensitive.

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Measuring multiple minority stress: the LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale.

Kimberly Balsam, Yamile Molina, Blair Beadnell … (2011)

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals who are also racial/ethnic minorities (LGBT-POC) are a multiply marginalized population subject to microaggressions associated with both racism and heterosexism. To date, research on this population has been hampered by the lack of a measurement tool to assess the unique experiences associated with the intersection of these oppressions. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a three-phase, mixed method empirical study to assess microaggressions among LGBT-POC. The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale is an 18-item self-report scale assessing the unique types of microaggressions experienced by ethnic minority LGBT adults. The measure includes three subscales: (a) Racism in LGBT communities, (b) Heterosexism in Racial/Ethnic Minority Communities, and (c) Racism in Dating and Close Relationships, that are theoretically consistent with prior literature on racial/ethnic minority LGBTs and have strong psychometric properties including internal consistency and construct validity in terms of correlations with measures of psychological distress and LGBT-identity variables. Men scored higher on the LGBT-PCMS than women, lesbians and gay men scored higher than bisexual women and men, and Asian Americans scored higher than African Americans and Latina/os.

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Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations

Theresa Andrasfay, Noreen Goldman (2021)

COVID-19 has resulted in a staggering death toll in the United States: over 215,000 by mid-October 2020, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Black and Latino Americans have experienced a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, reflecting persistent structural inequalities that increase risk of exposure to COVID-19 and mortality risk for those infected. We estimate life expectancy at birth and at age 65 y for 2020, for the total US population and by race and ethnicity, using four scenarios of deaths—one in which the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred and three including COVID-19 mortality projections produced by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Our medium estimate indicates a reduction in US life expectancy at birth of 1.13 y to 77.48 y, lower than any year since 2003. We also project a 0.87-y reduction in life expectancy at age 65 y. The Black and Latino populations are estimated to experience declines in life expectancy at birth of 2.10 and 3.05 y, respectively, both of which are several times the 0.68-y reduction for Whites. These projections imply an increase of nearly 40% in the Black−White life expectancy gap, from 3.6 y to over 5 y, thereby eliminating progress made in reducing this differential since 2006. Latinos, who have consistently experienced lower mortality than Whites (a phenomenon known as the Latino or Hispanic paradox), would see their more than 3-y survival advantage reduced to less than 1 y.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sannisha K. Dale:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9516-239X

sdale@med.miami.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): AIDS Behav

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): AIDS Behav

Title: AIDS and Behavior

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Print): 1090-7165

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3254

Publication date (Electronic): 27 May 2021

Pages: 1-8

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.26790.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8606, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, , University of Miami, ; 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Miami, FL 33146 USA

[2 ]GRID grid.26790.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8606, Department of Economics, Miami Herbert Business School, , University of Miami, ; Miami, FL USA

[3 ]GRID grid.26790.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8606, Department of Public Health Sciences, , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, ; Miami, FL USA

[4 ]GRID grid.26790.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8606, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, ; Miami, FL USA

Author information

Sannisha K. Dale http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9516-239X

Article

Publisher ID: 3321

DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03321-w

PMC ID: 8158077

PubMed ID: 34046762

SO-VID: d11d7d3c-d19b-41d3-8a2a-051823a581aa

License:

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

History

Date accepted : 22 May 2021

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000025, National Institute of Mental Health;

Award ID: R56MH121194

Award Recipient : Sannisha K. Dale

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Daily Microaggressions and Related Distress among Black Women Living with HIV during the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Black Lives Matter Protests

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Most cited references 21

Ecological momentary interventions: incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments.

Measuring multiple minority stress: the LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale.

Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations

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