The effect of rosmarinic acid on deformities occurring in brain
tissue by craniectomy method. Histopathological evaluation of IBA-1 and GFAP
expressions  1

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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the role of Rosmarinic acid (RA) in the prevention of traumatic brain injury and the immunohistochemical analysis of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions.

Methods

Healthy male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats. Groups were as follows; control group, traumatic brain injury (TBI) group, and TBI+RA group. After traumatic brain injury, blood samples were taken from the animals and analyzed with various biochemical markers. And then IBA-1 and GFAP expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically.

Results

Significant results were obtained in all biochemical parameters between groups. Immunohistochemical sections showed IBA-1 not only in microglia and macrophage activity but also in degenerative neurons in blood vessel endothelial cells. However, GFAP reaction and post-traumatic rosmarinic acid administration showed positive expression in astrocytes with regular structure around the blood vessel.

Conclusion

Rosmarinic acid in blood vessel endothelial cells showed that preserving the integrity of astrocytic structure in the blood brain barrier may be an important antioxidant.

Related collections

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The acute and long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have received increased attention in recent years. In this Review, we discuss the neuropathology and neural mechanisms associated with TBI, drawing on findings from sports-induced TBI in athletes, in whom acute TBI damages axons and elicits both regenerative and degenerative tissue responses in the brain and in whom repeated concussions may initiate a long-term neurodegenerative process called dementia pugilistica or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We also consider how the neuropathology and neurobiology of CTE in many ways resembles other neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, particularly with respect to mismetabolism and aggregation of tau, β-amyloid, and TDP-43. Finally, we explore how translational research in animal models of acceleration/deceleration types of injury relevant for concussion together with clinical studies employing imaging and biochemical markers may further elucidate the neurobiology of TBI and CTE. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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This report describes the development of an experimental head injury model capable of producing diffuse brain injury in the rodent. A total of 161 anesthetized adult rats were injured utilizing a simple weight-drop device consisting of a segmented brass weight free-falling through a Plexiglas guide tube. Skull fracture was prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria. Two groups of rats were tested: Group 1, consisting of 54 rats, to establish fracture threshold; and Group 2, consisting of 107 animals, to determine the primary cause of death at severe injury levels. Data from Group 1 animals showed that a 450-gm weight falling from a 2-m height (0.9 kg-m) resulted in a mortality rate of 44% with a low incidence (12.5%) of skull fracture. Impact was followed by apnea, convulsions, and moderate hypertension. The surviving rats developed decortication flexion deformity of the forelimbs, with behavioral depression and loss of muscle tone. Data from Group 2 animals suggested that the cause of death was due to central respiratory depression; the mortality rate decreased markedly in animals mechanically ventilated during the impact. Analysis of mathematical models showed that this mass-height combination resulted in a brain acceleration of 900 G and a brain compression gradient of 0.28 mm. It is concluded that this simple model is capable of producing a graded brain injury in the rodent without a massive hypertensive surge or excessive brain-stem damage.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Cir Bras

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Cir Bras

Journal ID (publisher-id): acb

Title: Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira

Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Cirurgia

ISSN (Print): 0102-8650

ISSN (Electronic): 1678-2674

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 19 June 2020

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2020

Volume: 35

Issue: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: e202000406

Affiliations

[I ] Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery , Faculty of Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey . Technical procedures, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval.

[II ] PhD, Professor, Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey . Technical procedures, histopathological examinations, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval.

[III ] PhD, Professor, Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine , Dicle University , Diyarbakır , Turkey . Technical procedures, histopathological examinations, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval.

Author notes

[Correspondence ]: Prof. Engin Deveci. Department of Histology and Embryology. Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University. Phone: +90 412 2488001 Ext. 4443 (Faculty room). devecie32@ 123456hotmail.com

Conflict of interest: none

Author information

Hüseyin Özevren http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5437-4003

Engin Deveci http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5493-7083

Mehmet Cudi Tuncer http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-5467

Article

Other ID: 00200

DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020200040000006

PMC ID: 7307720

PubMed ID: 32578724

SO-VID: d0cd6add-cf41-48b4-bdea-8071a761eac5

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 06 December 2019

Date revision received : 09 February 2020

Date accepted : 04 March 2020

Page count

Figures: 9, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 40

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