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      Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular de média freqüência (russa) em cães com atrofia muscular induzida Translated title: Medium frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (russian) in dogs with induced muscle atrophy

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          Abstract

          A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) de média freqüência (Russa) ou de Kotz pode ser empregada para a recuperação de massa muscular em animais apresentando atrofia muscular por desuso. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a EENM de média freqüência no quadríceps femoral de cães com atrofia muscular induzida, avaliando-se a ocorrência de ganho de massa. Foram utilizados oito cães em dois grupos denominados de GI ou controle e de GII ou tratado. Para a indução da atrofia muscular, a articulação fêmoro-tíbio-patelar esquerda foi imobilizada por 30 dias. Após 48 horas da remoção, foi realizada a EENM nos cães do grupo II, três vezes por semana, com intervalo de 48 horas cada sessão, pelo período de 60 dias. Foram avaliadas a mensuração da perimetria da coxa, da goniometria do joelho, as enzimas creatina-quinase (CK) e morfometria das fibras musculares em cortes transversais do músculo vasto lateral, colhido mediante a biópsia muscular. A EENM foi empregada no músculo quadríceps femoral numa freqüência de 2.500Hz, largura de pulso de 50% e relação de tempo on/off de 1:2. Não houve diferença significativa quanto aos valores de perimetria da coxa e a atividade da enzima CK entre os grupos I e II. Na goniometria, houve diminuição significativa (P<0,05) da amplitude articular após a remoção do aparelho de fixação externa somente nos animais do grupo II, em comparação a com tempo zero. Quanto à morfometria das fibras do músculo vasto lateral, foram notados valores maiores de área das fibras no grupo Tratado, em relação ao Controle (P<0,05), no dia 90, e, no grupo Tratado, entre os dias zero e 90. A EENM de média freqüência ocasiona hipertrofia do músculo vasto lateral em cães após a atrofia muscular induzida.

          Translated abstract

          The medium frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (Russa) or Kotz is designed for recuperation of muscle mass in dogs with muscular atrophy in disuse. This study aims to utilize medium frequency NMES on the femoral quadriceps of dogs with induced muscular atrophy and evaluate the occurrence of gain in mass. Eight dogs in two groups denominated GI, or control, and GII, or treated were used. For the induction of muscular atrophy, the left femoral-tibial-patellar joint was immobilized for 30 days. NMES treatment began 48 hours after the removal of the immobilization device on dogs from group II and was carried out three times per week, with an interval of 48 hours between each session, during 60 days. The following parameters were measured: thigh perimeter, goniometry of the knee, creatine kinase (CK) enzymes and morphometry of the muscular fibers in transversal cuts of the vastus lateralis muscle, collected through a muscular biopsy. EENM was utilized on the femoral quadriceps at a frequency of 2500 Hz, with pulse duration of 50%, and the time on/off was at a proportion of 1:2. There was no significant difference between the thigh perimeter and the activity of enzyme CK between groups I and II. As for the goniometry a significant increase (P<0,05) was observed among 0 and 30 days after the immobilization in group II. As for the morphometry of the fibers of the vastus lateralis, a significant increase (P<0,05) was observed in the transversal area of the treated group on the 90th day when compared with that observed at the time of immobilization and among the groups, group II presented a greater transversal area (P<0.05) on the 90th day. The medium frequency NMES brings about a hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis muscle in dogs after induced muscular atrophy.

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          Most cited references26

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          The importance of stretch and contractile activity in the prevention of connective tissue accumulation in muscle.

          The loss of serial sarcomeres which results when muscles are immobilised in a shortened position is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of collagen and an increased muscle stiffness. In order to determine whether it is lack of stretch or lack of contractile activity which is the main factor involved in these changes experiments were carried out using different combinations of immobilisation and electrical stimulation. It was found that the connective tissue accumulation that occurs in inactive muscles can be prevented either by passive stretch or by active stimulation. It was also shown that in muscle that is working over a reduced range there is, as in muscle immobilised in the shortened position, a reduction in serial sarcomeres. In this case, however, there is no concomitant increase in connective tissue, again indicating that contractile activity is important for the maintenance of normal muscle compliance.
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            Russian electrical stimulation: the early experiments.

            Russian forms of electrical stimulation became popular to a large extent as a result of the activities of Kots, who claimed force gains of up to 40% in elite athletes as a result of what was then a new form of stimulation. He did not provide details of his published work, nor did he give references. Russian electrical stimulation became popular despite the lack of research in the English-language literature. No studies published in English examined whether the "10/50/10" treatment regimen (10 seconds of stimulation followed by 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 minutes) advocated by Kots is optimal, and only one study addressed whether maximum muscle torque was produced at an alternating current frequency of 2.5 kHz. The few studies that compared low-frequency monophasic pulsed current and Russian electrical stimulation are inconclusive. This article reviews and provides details of the original studies by Kots and co-workers. The authors contend that these studies laid the foundations for the use of Russian forms of electrical stimulation in physical therapy. The authors conclude that there are data in the Russian-language literature that support the use of Russian electrical stimulation but that some questions remain unanswered.
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              Rehabilitation of dogs with surgically treated cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles by use of electrical stimulation of muscles.

              To determine effect of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on rate and degree of return to function of the limb and development of degenerative joint disease (DJD) after surgical creation and subsequent stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-8478
                1678-4596
                June 2008
                : 38
                : 3
                : 736-742
                Affiliations
                [03] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Brasil
                [02] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Rurais orgdiv2Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais Brasil
                [01] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Rurais Brasil
                Article
                S0103-84782008000300022 S0103-8478(08)03800322
                d09f6820-0f64-4631-81b4-1a574e4b4154

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 August 2007
                : 05 March 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Clínica e Cirurgia

                morfometria,NMES,morphometry,dog,Corrente de Kotz,EENM,cão,Kotz Current

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