How Minorities Continue to Be Excluded from Equal Employment Opportunities: Research on Labor Market and Institutional Barriers

This paper analyses mechanisms of allocation to closed positions in social structure. Closed positions are characterized by only being available when vacated by the previous incumbent, so that new allocations resulting in new matches between people and persons cannot be linked to changes in performance or the availability of more qualified candidates. The mechanism of allocation in closed position systems, called vacancy competition, is contrasted to the allocated mechanism operating in open position systems that are competitive markets. The paper presents conceptual and methodological implications of vacancy competition for research on the labor market and on allocation to instructional groups in schools.