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      Early and Long-term Consequences of Nutritional Stunting: From Childhood to Adulthood

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          Abstract

          Linear growth failure (stunting) in childhood is the most prevalent form of undernutrition globally. The debate continues as to whether children who become stunted before age 24 months can catch up in growth and cognitive functions later in their lives. The potentially irreparable physical and neurocognitive damage that accompanies stunted growth is a major obstacle to human development. This review aims at evaluation and summarizing the published research covering the different aspects of stunting from childhood to adulthood. (www.actabiomedica.it)

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          Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries

          Robert E Black, Cesar G Victora, Susan P. Walker … (2013)
          The Lancet, 382(9890), 427-451
          Article 0 comments Cited 2924 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences.

            Robert E Black, Lindsay Allen, Zulfiqar Bhutta … (2008)
            Article 0 comments Cited 802 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital

              Cesar Victora, Linda S Adair, Caroline Fall … (2008)
              Summary In this paper we review the associations between maternal and child undernutrition with human capital and risk of adult diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. We analysed data from five long-standing prospective cohort studies from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa and noted that indices of maternal and child undernutrition (maternal height, birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction, and weight, height, and body-mass index at 2 years according to the new WHO growth standards) were related to adult outcomes (height, schooling, income or assets, offspring birthweight, body-mass index, glucose concentrations, blood pressure). We undertook systematic reviews of studies from low-income and middle-income countries for these outcomes and for indicators related to blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, lung and immune function, cancers, osteoporosis, and mental illness. Undernutrition was strongly associated, both in the review of published work and in new analyses, with shorter adult height, less schooling, reduced economic productivity, and—for women—lower offspring birthweight. Associations with adult disease indicators were not so clear-cut. Increased size at birth and in childhood were positively associated with adult body-mass index and to a lesser extent with blood pressure values, but not with blood glucose concentrations. In our new analyses and in published work, lower birthweight and undernutrition in childhood were risk factors for high glucose concentrations, blood pressure, and harmful lipid profiles once adult body-mass index and height were adjusted for, suggesting that rapid postnatal weight gain—especially after infancy—is linked to these conditions. The review of published works indicates that there is insufficient information about long-term changes in immune function, blood lipids, or osteoporosis indicators. Birthweight is positively associated with lung function and with the incidence of some cancers, and undernutrition could be associated with mental illness. We noted that height-for-age at 2 years was the best predictor of human capital and that undernutrition is associated with lower human capital. We conclude that damage suffered in early life leads to permanent impairment, and might also affect future generations. Its prevention will probably bring about important health, educational, and economic benefits. Chronic diseases are especially common in undernourished children who experience rapid weight gain after infancy.
              Article 0 comments Cited 573 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Biomed
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Biomed
                Title: Acta Bio Medica : Atenei Parmensis
                Publisher: Mattioli 1885 (Italy )
                ISSN (Print): 0392-4203
                ISSN (Electronic): 2531-6745
                Publication date (Print): 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 February 2021
                Volume: 92
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2021168
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
                [2 ] Coordinator of the International Network of Clinicians for Endocrinopathies in Thalassemia and Adolescence Medicine (ICET-A) Ferrara, Italy
                [3 ] MPH student, North Dakota State University, ND, USA.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Vincenzo De Sanctis, MD Coordinator of the International Network of Clinicians for Endocrinopathies in Thalassemia and Adolescence Medicine (ICET-A) Via Paolo V, 25, 44121 Ferrara, Italy Tel: +39 0532 770243 E-mail: vdesanctis@ 123456libero.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: ACTA-92-168
                DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.11346
                PMC ID: 7975963
                PubMed ID: 33682846
                SO-VID: d0019498-bea7-4134-a980-9b6afe4d7ca4
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2020 ACTA BIO MEDICA SOCIETY OF MEDICINE AND NATURAL SCIENCES OF PARMA
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

                History
                Date received : 01 February 2021
                Date accepted : 15 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Update of Adolescent Medicine (Editor: Vincenzo De Sanctis)

                Keywords: stunting,nutrition,growth,cognition,early and long-term consequences
                Data availability:
                Keywords: stunting, nutrition, growth, cognition, early and long-term consequences

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